Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Other courses

Recursive Binary Tree Traversals

Inorder Traversal:

void inorder(struct node *root)
{
  if(root != NULL)
  {
    inorder(root->left);
    printf("%d\t", root->data);
    inorder(root->right);
  }
}

Preorder Traversal:

void preorder(struct node *root)
{
  if(root != NULL)
  {
    printf("%d\t", root->data);
    preorder(root->left);
    preorder(root->right);
  }
}

Postorder Traversal:

void postorder(struct node *root)
{
  if(root != NULL)
  {
    postorder(root->left);
    postorder(root->right);
    printf("%d\t", root->data);
  }
}

Linked List Operations

Search

void search(struct node *head,int key)
{
  struct node *temp = head;
  while(temp != NULL)
  {
    if(temp->data == key)
      printf("key found");
    temp =

Hedging with S&P 500 Index Futures

SIF hedging: NF = V_F(antiguo) = F_o x Z. NF (Number of contracts) = V_p (portfolio value) / (V_F x B_p) (Beta). With this hedge, risk is removed. If the index goes up, the profit in the portfolio will be offset by losses in SIFs contracts and vice versa.

Example: S&P 500 falls 5%:

• In the portfolio: R_p = B_p x (-5%) = -10% of a portfolio of $10M, resulting in $9M (Final Value).
• In the SIFS contracts: S_i = 980 (S&P 500 value given) x 0.95 (100% - 5%) = 931. F_i = 931 x (1 + 0.04 x 5/12 (next month timeframe)) = 946.52. V_F = NF x (F_i - F_o) x Z (250).
• Gain on futures: V_F(New) / Equity portfolio value.
• Outcome stock portfolio: 2 x (-5%) = -10%.
• Final Value portfolio: $10M - $1M + V_F(New).

Margin Payments

Margin payments... Continue reading "Hedging and Speculation with Futures and Options" »

Theme II: The Development of the Global Economy

5. Japan's Post-War Economic Growth

I. Role of Government

• Growth-driven policies and focused leadership
  • The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) mostly ruled after 1955.
  • A cohesive unity of bureaucrats and politicians made up competent policymakers focused on achieving economic development and self-reliance.
  • Tight policy coordination was known as the "Iron Triangle."
  • The Yoshida Doctrine was implemented in the early 1950s.
  • Ikeda's Income Doubling Plan was introduced in the early 1960s.
  • Sato's Three Non-Nuclear Principles were established in the early 1970s.
• Heavy government involvement in the free market
  • The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) decided, charted, and planned Japan's industrial and

• "Detached clouds in the form of white, delicate filaments or white or mostly white patches or narrow bands. These clouds have fibrous (hair-like) appearance, or a silky sheen, or both." CIRRUS
  ·8/8 stratus base 200 FT/AGL is observed at sunrise at an aerodrome in the north of France; the QNH is 1028 hPa and there is a variable wind of 3 kt. What change in these clouds is likely at 1200 UTC in summer and winter? WINTER: OVC. BASE 500 FT/AGL; SUMMER: SCT, BASE 3000 FT/AGL
  ·A blocking anticyclone in the northern hemisphere is: A WARM ANTICYCLONE/QUASI STATIONARY/SITUATED BETWEEN 50°N AND 70°N
  ·A Cb with thunderstorm has reached the mature stage. Which statement is correct? IN TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN -23°C ICING IS STILL POSSIBLE
  ·A cold air

VOCABULARY: APPROACH DELAYS

Competitiveness and Trade

Nominal Exchange Rates

When our currency's value increases, our competitiveness decreases, and importations increase in relative terms.

Price Levels

• Our Country: If prices in our country increase, our exports decrease, and imports increase.
• Foreign Country: If prices in foreign countries increase, our competitiveness increases, benefiting our exports, and our imports decrease.

Foreign Exchange Market

• Price Determination: The exchange rate between countries is established based on supply and demand.
• Hedging: Protection against currency fluctuations, safeguarding investors and businesses from losses due to currency appreciation or depreciation.
• International Finance: Countries can lend and borrow money by converting currencies.

Forward Exchange (EUR/SEK):

x = Exchange rate * (1 + SEK interest rate) / (1 + EUR interest rate).

CAP: Establishes an upper limit on interest rates. Floor: Establishes a lower limit on interest rates. EBITDA: Higher than net income. ROE: Return on Equity. For the equity the company provides, it generates an operating income of X annually.

Theoretical Semiannual Euribor:

(1 + First-half rate) * (1 + Second-half rate) = (1 + Annual rate).

Nominal Exchange Rate: (Nominal Exchange Rate * Domestic Price Level) / Foreign Price Level.

Spot Market: Notional amount * (1 / Current exchange rate - 1 / Initial exchange rate). Positive value means that in 9 months the spot market will be more expensive.

FXA (Foreign Exchange Agreement): Notional amount * (1... Continue reading "Understanding Forex, Financial Ratios, and Country Competitiveness" »

Reported Speech

Types of Reported Speech

Yes/No Questions

Structure: S + reporting verb + if/whether + S + past tense verb

Example: He asked if he was late.

Wh- Questions

Structure: S + reporting verb + wh-word + S + past tense verb

Example: He asked where he had left his keys.

Orders and Requests

Structure: S + reporting verb + object + (not) + to + infinitive

Note: Use "told" for orders.

Example: He told me to be quiet.

Suggestions

Structure 1: S + suggest (tense) + (not) + verb-ing

Structure 2: S + suggest + that + S + should + infinitive

Example: She suggested going for a walk.

Reporting Verbs

Verbs followed by "to + infinitive"

Examples: agree, offer, refuse, promise, threaten

Example: We agreed not to buy a car.

Additional verbs with object: advise, invite,... Continue reading "Reported Speech: A Comprehensive Guide with Examples" »

• A departing aircraft experiencing radio communication failure on an IFR flight under radar vectors has to: SQUAK 7600 AND THEREAFTER RETURN TO THE ROUTE INDICATED BY THE CURRENT FLIGHT PLAN IN THE MOST DIRECT MANER
• A message concerning aircraft parts and material urgently required is: A FLIGHT REGULARITY MESSAGE
• A message concerning an aircraft being threatened by grave and imminent danger, requiring immediate assistance is called: DISTRESS MESSAGE
• A message preceded by the phrase "Transmitting blind due receiver failure" shall be transmitted: ON THE FREQUENCY PRESENTLY IN USE
• A radiotelephony distress message should start with the following signal: MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY
• A read back is not needed for the following message: WIND VELOCOTY
• Air traffic

Nmap Options

-PE: Quickly check if host is up.

-sn: Disable port scanning (host discovery).

-n: Disables DNS resolution (checks IP online without looking up hostnames).

-O: OS detection.

-A: OS detection, Version detection, Script scanning, traceroute.

-sV: Service detection (banner info, version).

-vV: Provides verbose output.

-sC: Scan with default scripts for additional info gathering.

--min-rate=5000: Ensures scan sends at least 5k packets per second.

nmap --script smb-enum-shares.nse -p 445 (ip): List shares and their properties.

To see scripts starting with X: ls /path/X

To execute script with script tracing: sudo nmap -script=smb-os-discovery -script-trace target_ip

To enumerate the SMB share files: sudo nmap -script=smb-enum-shares target_ip

Vulnerability... Continue reading "Nmap, Netcat, and Metasploit Commands Cheat Sheet" »