Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Music

Renaissance Poetry and the Revival of Learning

There was a collapse in learning and much technical capacity as a result of the chaos that followed the fall of the Roman Empire. There was a revival of material culture long before the Renaissance. Surrey was the first to use blank verse in his translation of the Aeneid. Poetry became the entertainment of the upper classes.

Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene

Spenser was a Renaissance Neoplatonist who devoted his life to writing The Faerie Queene, which served as a praise to monarchy. Chaucer was Spenser's favorite poet, and Spenser looked to his texts, among others, to write his epic poem. The Faerie Queene is concerned with patriotism and Puritanism. It has a connotative meaning, starting as a pastoral... Continue reading "Renaissance Poetry, Shakespearean Style, and English Bible History" »

Reggae Music: Origins and Characteristics

Reggae Sound Characteristics

• Slow, chilled-out tempo with a distinctive offbeat feel.
• Strong emphasis on the backbeat (beats 2 and 4).
• Other percussion instruments play syncopated rhythms.
• The electric guitar plays short, choppy chords (known as the skank).
• The bass guitar provides highly syncopated, prominent riffs.
• Simple harmonic structure, often repeating only two or three chords per song.
• Frequent use of call and response vocal patterns.

Lyrical Themes

• Themes include poverty, politics, social beliefs, and religion.
• Strongly influenced by the Rastafarian religion, originating in Jamaica.

Ska Music

• Originated in Jamaica in the 1960s.
• A fusion of traditional Caribbean mento and American Jazz/R&B.
• Features a

The Spanish Golden Age

The Spanish Golden Age was the period between the second half of the 16th century and the late 17th century.

Literature

Miguel de Cervantes wrote his great novel Don Quixote. Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderón de la Barca wrote famous plays. Luis de Cangora and Francisco de Quevedo were the poets of the time.

Architecture

Architecture was characterized by the use of simple materials, such as bricks on stone, which are covered by ornate decoration. Many buildings were religious, but civil buildings were also constructed. The building of city squares (or squares was a characteristic feature of the Spanish Baroque period.

The Churriguera brothers were the outstanding Baroque architects. They built their own style, which was called... Continue reading "Spanish Golden Age: Literature, Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting" »

Ars Nova

Ars nova

• Polyphonic, French music
• New system of notation
• Note values to be divided into two or three parts
• Plus different levels of division
  • Mode (long) - perfect / imperfect
    • Triple is perfect / duple is imperfect
  • Time (breve) - perfect / imperfect
  • Prolation (semibreve) - major and minor
    • Major is triple / minor is duple

Philippe de Vitry

Philippe de Vitry

Cum statua / Hugo, Hugo / Magister Invidiae

• Note values
• Isorhythmic motet
• A structural principle
• Tenor: talea and color(es)
• Color
  • Repeat of melodies in a phrase
• Talea
  • Repeat of rhythm in a phrase
• Hocket

Polyphonic Mass Cycle

Polyphonic mass cycle

• Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei
• Use same number of voices, rhythm, melodies among the setting movements
• Ite, missa est is the 6-1-

Guillaume de Machaut

Guillaume

Renaissance

The foremost characteristic of the Renaissance is the rebirth of the classics (Greece and Rome).

If during the Middle Ages God was at the center of everything, now it is the contrary. Humans are at the center of everything (anthropocentrism).

Reasoning, not faith, is what guides life.

Art is seen as an end in itself (not something to please God) and its goal is to achieve the ideal form of beauty based on the harmony and proportions found in nature.

All artistic expressions found inspiration in old Rome. The only exception was music, which had to find its own style far from medieval music.

Melody

• It refers to the way notes are written horizontally on the score, how they are performed one after the other.

Harmony

• It refers to the way notes

String Instruments

These instruments produce sound through the vibration of one or more strings.

Depending on the vibration technique, we distinguish bowed, plucked, and struck strings.

Bowed String

Sound is produced by rubbing the strings with a bow. They typically have four strings and a similar shape.

• Violin: Smallest, highest pitch.
• Viola: Slightly larger than the violin, middle pitch.
• Violoncello: Larger, lower register, played sitting with an endpin.
• Double Bass: Largest, very low register, played standing.

Plucked String

Sound is produced by plucking the strings with fingers, a pick, or a plectrum.

• Harp: Has 47 strings.
• Guitar: Has six strings and a fretted neck.

Struck String

Sound is produced by striking the strings with hammers activated by a keyboard.... Continue reading "Musical Instrument Families: Strings, Winds, and Percussion" »

Ancient Music: Foundations and Theory (BC to 500 AD)

What are the approximate years of the Ancient Music period?

The Ancient Music period spans approximately BC to 500 AD.

How did music develop over time?

As technology and culture changed, so did music.

What do we know about ancient Greek music?

Our knowledge comes primarily from art (vases) and writings.

Do we know exactly how ancient Greek music sounded?

No, we do not have any recordings.

Describe the ancient Greek culture.

The ancient Greeks were an advanced society in many aspects, including:

• Architecture
• Mathematics
• Philosophy
• Music

Who was Pythagoras and what was his role in music?

Pythagoras was a Greek mathematician who connected math with music, laying the groundwork for musical intervals and tuning.... Continue reading "Ancient and Medieval Music History: Key Concepts" »

Athenian Rule in the 5th Century BCE

• 490 BCE: Athens defeats Persians at Marathon
• 404 BCE: Athens is defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War
• Between these two events, Athens enjoys cultural and political supremacy.

Dramatic Festivals

• In honor of Dionysus, son of Zeus and Semele.
• Dionysus was reared by satyrs, killed, dismembered, and resurrected.
• In Attica, four annual festivals were held: Rural Dionysia, Lenaia, Anthesteria, and City Dionysia.

Origins of Tragedy

• Various hypotheses for the meaning of TRAGOIDIA or “goat song”.
• Aristotle’s Poetics: from improvisations by leaders of the DITHYRAMBS.
• Other hypotheses: recited stories, sung poetry, and narrative dance.
• First recorded author of tragedies: THESPIS.
• Thespis started dialogue between himself

Romanticism: New Ideas and Feelings

Romanticism introduced new ideas and different ways of thinking and feeling. It began in Western Europe during the latter half of the 18th century, championed by poets, artists, and philosophers. It is often considered the birth of the modern world.

Key Events

• The Salon in Paris (May 1762): Focused on children's care.
• August 1770, Brook Street, London: Thomas Chatterton committed suicide. He was a poet who did not wish to be a lawyer, leading to the idea of the sensitive person being born.
• 1774: Publication of The Sorrows of Young Werther.

Romantics deeply loved nature and sought to express and release human feelings.

British Authors

• Mary Shelley: Never formally educated, she ran away with a married man. She is considered