Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Unit 3: Level 1

Vocabulary and Grammar Exercises

• 1: 1e, 2a, 3c, 4b, 5d
• 2: 1. enthusiastic, 2. yelled, 3. command, 4. prosper
• 3: 1f, 2d, 3a, 4b, 5e, 6c
• 4: 1. misbehave, 2. independent, 3. non-member, 4. bi-annual, 5. preview, 6. unimportant
• 5: 1. shouldn't have, 2. must have left, 3. should have, 4. had better not, 5. can't have
• 6: 1. John must have already left, 2. You had better leave now, 3. She might have forgotten about our meeting, 4. It can't be true, 5. You should have called me
• 7: 1. due to, 2. since, 3. it's clear that, 4. consequently

Unit 3: Level 2

Advanced Vocabulary and Modal Verbs

• 1: 1. throughout, 2. deserves, 3. enthusiastic, 4. enables, 5. proficiency, 6. command, 7. starts out, 8. charm
• 2: 1. bi-annual, 2. mispronounce, 3. unimportant,

Hazardous Materials: Definitions and Safety

Hazardous Materials are all those materials, substances, or items that, by their volume or hazardous nature, imply a high, and certainly more than normal, risk to health, the environment, and property if they get out of control. These risks can occur during extraction, manufacturing, storage, transport, and use.

Key Definitions

Accident: An unwanted event or action that disrupts the normal work process, causing personal injury and/or material losses.

Chemical: A chemical, either alone or in a mixture or preparation, manufactured or obtained from nature, with the following categories of use: Plant Health, Industrial, and Consumer.

Toxicity: The ability of a substance to cause harm to a living organism.

Hazardous

Understanding Occupational Health and Safety

Health is a state of mental, physical, and social balance. The loss of these elements results from occupational accidents, occupational diseases, and other pathologies such as fatigue or job dissatisfaction.

Defining Workplace Injuries

A work-related injury is any disease, condition, or injury caused by reason or occasion of work. An occupational injury refers to any bodily harm suffered during or in consequence of work, including:

• Commuting accidents (while going to or returning from work).
• Non-listed occupational diseases contracted solely due to the execution of work.

Safety and Industrial Hygiene

Safety at work is a technique used to protect workers and reduce accidents. Occupational diseases manifest... Continue reading "Occupational Health and Safety: Essential Principles" »

Present Tenses

Present Simple

Negative Form: Subject + do not (don't) / does not (doesn't) + action verb (infinitive) + complement.

Example: John does not / doesn't wash the dishes every day.

Present Continuous (Progressive)

The Present Continuous tense is used to express actions that take place in the present, at the same time that the sentence is being stated.

Example: John is washing the dishes right now. (John is washing dishes now).

Negative Form: Subject + is / are + not + action verb (gerund) + complement.

Example: John is not / isn't washing the dishes right now.

Question Form: Is / Are + Subject + action verb (gerund) + complement?

Past Tenses

Past Simple

The Past Simple is a tense used to express actions which occurred in the past, regardless... Continue reading "English Verb Tenses and Modal Verbs Reference" »

Bet: aposta

Anaesthetic: a drug that stops you from feeling pain. Anestèsia

Anxiety: the feeling of being very worried about something. Ansietat:

Approval: the belief that someone or something is acceptable. Aprovació

Auction: a sale at which things are sold to the people who offer the most money for them; the person in charge of an auction is the auctioneer. Subhasta:

Axe: a tool with a wooden handle and a metal blade, used for cutting wood. Destral:

Butler: the most important male servant in a big house. Majordom:

Chloroform: a liquid that makes you unconscious if you breathe it. Cloroform:

Claret: red wine from the Bordeaux area of France. Claret: vinegre

Colonel: someone with a high position in the army. Coronel

Deck: the flat top part of a ship... Continue reading "Understanding Key Terms in Language and Literature" »

Intrauterine Device (IUD)

The IUD is a small, flexible T-shaped or spiral device made of plastic or copper alloys. It is inserted into the uterus to prevent the implantation of a fertilized egg.

Usage

The device must be inserted by a physician, preferably during the menstrual period.

Advantages

• Highly effective.
• Can be used for up to 8 years with regular check-ups.
• Low cost.
• Does not affect breastfeeding; suitable for postpartum use.
• Reversible: can be extracted when desired.
• Easy to use.
• Does not interfere with intercourse.

Disadvantages

• Requires physician selection and insertion.
• Menstrual bleeding may become heavier.
• Increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
• Risk of uterine perforation.
• Risk of pelvic infections.
• Potential for expulsion.
• Risk of

Recommendations for Good Nutrition

• Prefer vegetable fats
• Roast or steam meat
• Replace fatty foods with fruit desserts

A balanced diet requires a greater quantity of nutrients to meet requirements that require continued growth. Eating breakfast is essential. Being empty stomach can cause diseases such as gastritis.

Obesity

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excess fat, which in turn results in weight gain, surpassing by 15% the target weight, due to increased fat reserves. Obesity is the most common disorder of developed societies. We must demystify the popular belief that excess weight is determined by the amount of fluid retention.

Causes of Obesity

• Endocrine: Due to a malfunction of the endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid,

Workplace Prevention Measures

Prevention refers to the set of activities or measures taken or planned in all phases of company operations to avoid or reduce risks. Prevention is integral, as it must be present in every company act. The aim is to prevent risks from materializing, which requires careful planning and organization.

Principles of Prevention

• 1. Avoid risks.
• 2. Evaluate unavoidable risks.
• 3. Combat risks at the source rather than at the place of transmission or reception.
• 4. Adapt the job to the person, including equipment, working methods, and production.
• 5. Take into account the evolution of technology.
• 6. Replace dangerous elements with those that pose little or no danger.
• 7. Plan prevention strategies.
• 8. Adopt collective protection measures

Conceptualizing Health

Fritzgerald argues that classifying all problems as medical limits our ability to cope with pain, illness, and death as part of life.

Today's massive health industry often promotes deceptive health products.

Fritzgerald emphasizes living a chosen lifestyle, experiencing life's journey rather than adhering to prescribed lifestyles.

An ideal of health has become a rigid definition.

Historically, health problems were a disgrace to individuals and families. Now, both problems and solutions are societal responsibilities, creating a two-way phenomenon.

Errors in self-care are sometimes considered societal crimes due to their collective impact.

Disease is often seen as evidence of misconduct, yet the concept of self-abuse is linked... Continue reading "Rethinking Health: Societal Impact, Personal Responsibility, and Healthcare's Role" »

Simple Past Tense: Usage & Formation

This tense is often used to refer to actions that took place at a particular time in the past. In this case, time expressions like yesterday or last year are commonly used.

It also refers to actions that occurred and were completed in the past, even without mentioning the exact moment.

To form the Simple Past, we put the verb in its past form. This is where the difficulty arises. First, we must distinguish between two kinds of verbs: regular and irregular. Due to their complexity, we will cover irregular verbs in an upcoming lesson and focus on regular verbs here.

Using "When" for Consecutive Past Actions

The word when is used to speak of two consecutive actions in the past.

Forming Simple Past Sentences

• For