Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Key Concepts in Pharmacology

A drug is a chemical substance, the active ingredient or a set of them, as part of a pharmaceutical form designed for use in humans or animals. It is endowed with properties to prevent, diagnose, treat, alleviate, or cure diseases, symptoms, or disease states.

The active ingredient is the component responsible for drug activity. It reaches the target site—i.e., where it performs its function. The same drug may contain one or more active ingredients.

A carrier is the substance added to active substances or their associations to serve as a vehicle. It enables preparation and stability, modifies organoleptic properties, or determines the chemical properties of the drug and its bioavailability.

Generics are drugs sold... Continue reading "Pharmaceutical Science and the Malaria Vaccine Breakthrough" »

Objectives of Epidemiology

Objectives of epidemiology. The study of the environment, human habitat, waste, excrement, water supplies, methods of health education programs for health promotion, occupational health, the fight against drug addiction, and planning and management of health services to improve and correct the errors identified. Furthermore, the study presents the epidemiology of disease in relation to: the factors that determine the occurrence of disease; distribution in the population by municipalities, nations, and geographical regions; frequency and time course (mortality, morbidity and consequences of disease). Finally, what epidemiological studies of community health purport to do is: get to a diagnosis of community health, evaluate... Continue reading "Epidemiology Objectives and Communicable Disease Terms" »

The Language of the Gypsy

C (it is clear that the Gypsy originally menja from India ..), b, a, d, b, b, c, b

Aw-Learning Dog

D (fast mapping), b, b, a, c, d, c, a

Kill a Snail

D (have cared) a, b, a, c, b, b, c

Right to Vote

B (thanks to) b, a, c, a, d, b, d

Bilingual

C (have better) c, b, a, c, a, d, b

Teacher, Change Life

D (Tregui recently) d, d, a, b, c, d, c

Chinese School

A (much better) c, b, c, c, d, b, b

Why Kids Bully

C (for no apparent) a, a, c, d, d, a, b

Nomophobia

A (more people) a, a, b, c, a, a, a

Death Sites: How To

D (keep ), c, b, a, c, a, c, d

Living in Harmony

C (a dry), d, a, b, d, c, c, a

What the Au Pair Saw

C (what), b, a, d, b, a, b, d

The Camino de Santiago

C (and a), a, b, d, d, a, c, d

Digital and Traditional Tools

D (thinks personal), b,... Continue reading "Untangling Common Misconceptions in Modern Society" »

Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors

Cardiovascular diseases are those affecting the heart and blood vessels. Such diseases are the leading cause of death in Western society. Eight million people died of heart problems and six million more due to cerebrovascular diseases, such as strokes or brain hemorrhages.

Cardiovascular disease may have a genetic origin, but the most important causes—known as cardiovascular risk factors—are inadequate diets, physical inactivity, and tobacco use.

Common Cardiovascular Conditions

• Stroke: Occurs when blood flow stops reaching part of the brain, usually because a thrombus obstructs a cerebral artery (stroke or embolism).
• Arteriosclerosis: Is caused by the accumulation of cholesterol and fats in the inner

Understanding Alcohol and Drugs

What Are Drugs?

The World Health Organization defines drugs as any substance which, when introduced into the organism, may modify one or more of its features. These substances are capable of generating dependence, leading to behavioral changes and other responses that encourage taking the substance or substances in a sustained manner.

Classification and Effects of Drugs

1. Legal Drugs

Legal drugs are those that are permitted by the government. Due to their full availability and high social acceptance, they are what cause most diseases, some of which result in great economic and social costs. They include:

• Tobacco (Snuff): Obtained from a plant called Nicotiana tabacum.
• Xanthines: Both are stimulants of the Central Nervous

Fetal Drug Safety Classifications

Type A: These drugs show no apparent risk to the fetus and are considered safe.

Type B: There is no evidence of risk in humans; their use is acceptable during pregnancy.

Type C: Risk cannot be ruled out. These should only be used in situations where there is no other safer drug available.

Type D: There is positive evidence of human fetal risk. These are used only when the drug is needed to treat a serious illness or an extreme situation where no safer alternatives exist.

Type X: These are contraindicated in pregnancy or for women who may become pregnant.

Defining Serious Adverse Drug Reactions (RAM)

What constitutes a serious Adverse Drug Reaction (RAM)? A reaction is considered serious if it:

• Causes death.
• Is life-

Item 11 of Prevention Management

1. Risk Assessment

It is a process to detect and estimate the magnitude of all risks in the company, determining which can be removed and acting on those that have not been avoided.

To perform the risk assessment is a systematic analysis of all aspects of the workplace, taking into account:

• The nature of the company's activity.
• The nature and number of exposed workers.

1.1. Risk Analysis

1. Identify the hazard.
2. Describe the risk.
3. Estimate the Risk:
   • High probability: the damage will occur always or almost always.
   • Average probability: the damage will occur occasionally.
   • Low probability: the damage will occur rarely.

1.2. Risk Evaluation

Consists of issuing an opinion on the tolerability of risk, based on previous studies. When... Continue reading "Effective Risk Management and Prevention in the Workplace" »

Emergency Plan 7.0

Objective: Implementation and maintenance of an emergency plan, which defines the sequence of actions to be developed for the initial control of emergencies.

Risk: Likely to suffer a certain damage. Emergency: Situation unforeseen by the possibility of damage and requires priority intervention. Ominous: Serious damage, accidental destruction, or significant loss suffered by people or property.

Emergencies: Natural hazards, chemical and biological, social, and technological.

Types of Emergencies: Depending on its severity can be: Conato, Partial Emergency, and General Emergency.

Alarm types:

• Restricted: It affects people who must act first in an emergency, to control a particular claim. It is for the chief of emergency and specialized

Temporary Disability Benefits and Regulations

Temporary Disability is the situation in which a worker, due to an illness or accident, is unable to perform their duties. They have the right to receive an economic subsidy designed to compensate for the loss of salary.

Causes and Observation Periods

The causes which may result in this status include common illness or accidents (whether work-related or not) and observation periods for occupational diseases.

Conditions for Eligibility

To qualify for this benefit, a worker must meet the following conditions:

• Be affiliated and registered with the Social Security (SS) system.
• Have covered the minimum contribution period: In the case of a common illness, 180 days within the 5 years immediately preceding the