Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Secondary Hypertension

Causes of Secondary Hypertension

• Renal: Stenosis, PCKD, Obstruction
• Endocrine: Cushing's syndrome, Adrenogenital syndrome, Pheochromocytoma, Acromegaly
• Aorta Coarctation
• Other: Thyroid disorders, Hypercalcemia

Red Flags in Secondary Hypertension

• Hypokalemia
• Early age of onset
• Patient over 50 years old
• High severity
• Refractory to therapy
• Increased paroxysmal blood pressure
• Absence of obesity

Pheochromocytoma

Diagnosis

• Plasma metanephrine level
• Urine free catecholamine
• Ultrasound/CT
• MIBG In-111

Cushing's Syndrome

Diagnosis

• 24-hour urine cortisol
• 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (screening)
• 8 mg dexamethasone suppression test
• Cortisol circadian rhythm
• Laboratory tests: Increased hematocrit/hemoglobin, decreased eosinophils
• Sinus/petrous imaging

Multiple

*** Constituent Parts of Rehabilitation System: Principle Goals....

- Can be: physical/psychological/social/educational

• Legal part
• Medical rehabilitation
• Vocational rehabilitation
• Education
• Compensatory technical, orthopedic means
• Environmental adaptation
• Culture, sports, recreation, religion

^^ Stages of Rehab:

• I----. Hospital Setting, Hospital Staff
• II----> In Sanatorium/Outpatient
• III----> Home Setting, Practitioner or Family Member

^^ Principles, Goals & Task of Rehab:

• Treatment of Pathology
• Decrease Impairment
• Prevent and Treat Complications
• Increase Activity
• Physiological

1. Medical.

Relating to the science of medicine, or to the treatment of illness and injuries.

2. Operate.

Perform a surgical operation.

3. Removal.

The action of taking away or abolishing something unwanted.

4. Repair.

The action of fixing or mending something.

5. Replacement.

The action or process of replacing someone or something.

6. Suffering.

The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship.

7. Tissue.

Any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.

8. Transplant.

An operation in which an organ or tissue is transplanted.

9. Jaw.

Each of the upper and lower bony structures in vertebrates forming the framework of the mouth and containing the teeth.

10. Lungs.

Each of the pair... Continue reading "Medical Terminology and Definitions" »

Vocabulary

Pounding: To strike or hit heavily and repeatedly.

Gubby: Dirty.

Scrambled: More quickly.

Stashed: To store safely and secretly in a specified place.

Upset: The state of being unhappy, disappointed, or worried.

Nightmare: An unpleasant dream.

Countered: To speak or act in opposition to.

Grim (adj.): Something forbidding or uninviting. Depressing or worrying. Merciless (review).

Astonished: Surprised, impressed.

Relieved: To cause pain or distress to become less severe or serious (n. relief).

Attempts: To make an effort to achieve or complete.

Sully: To damage the purity or integrity of…

Jurors: Members of a jury.

Witnesses: People who see an event, typically a crime or accident.

Whereabouts: The place where someone or something is.

Retrieve: To... Continue reading "English Vocabulary: Definitions and Explanations" »

ACT4. 1. Warned me not to approach the suspect 2.Ordered me to lock the door then 3.Admitted putting that she had put the jeans in her bag 4.Complained that there had been too many burglaries in their neighbourhood 5.Wondered where we had been the night before 6.Asked Tom not to say anything to Mum.

Primary Immunodeficiencies

Primary immunodeficiencies are a group of disorders that affect the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight off infections. These disorders can be inherited or acquired, and they can range in severity from mild to life-threatening.

Types of Primary Immunodeficiencies

There are many different types of primary immunodeficiencies, each with its own unique set of symptoms and causes. Some of the most common types include:

• B cell deficiencies affect the production of B cells, which are white blood cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that help the body fight off infections.
• T cell deficiencies affect the production of T cells, which are white blood cells that help the body fight off infections.

Malnutrition

Malnutrition: results from a poor diet or a lack of food. It happens when the intake of nutrients or energy is too high, too low, or poorly balanced. Malnutrition involves a dietary deficiency. People may eat too much of the wrong type of food and have malnutrition. Undernutrition can lead to delayed growth or wasting, while a diet that provides too much food, but not necessarily balanced, leads to obesity. In many parts of the world, undernutrition results from a lack of food. In some cases, however, undernourishment may stem from a health condition, such as an eating disorder or a chronic illness that prevents the person from absorbing nutrients.

Symptoms

History of Medicine

Today, when we have a bad cold or fever, we can go to the doctor and get a prescription for some kind of medicine. But what did people do hundreds of years ago? They couldn't go to the chemist and they couldn't take an aspirin. What could they do?

Ancient Egyptians had a very effective system of medicine. It was very advanced for its time. The Egyptians introduced the concepts of diagnosis and medical examination. They also performed the first surgery around 2750 BC.

The famous Greek physician Hippocrates used herbs in his treatments. But what medicine could ancient people take when they had a headache, a cold, or a stomach ache? Herbal medicine.

Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare. Primitive men observed the great... Continue reading "Ancient Medicine & Modern First Aid" »

1. Cholinergic Agonists

Respond to acetylcholine; refers to receptor sites stimulated by acetylcholine, as well as neurons that release acetylcholine.

• Cause SLUDGE: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastrointestinal distress, Emesis

2. Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists

1. Acetylcholine (Both Muscarinic and Nicotinic)
   • Miosis (pupil constriction)
   • Limited clinical use due to:
     • Non-selectivity
     • Charged nature
     • Short half-life
2. Bethanechol (Muscarinic)
   • Clinical use: Urinary retention
   • Side effect: SLUDGE
   • Not hydrolyzed
3. Pilocarpine (Muscarinic)
   • Clinical use: Dry mouth, Glaucoma
   • Side effect: SLUDGE
   • Can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
4. Succinylcholine (Muscarinic)
5. Carbachol (Both Muscarinic and Nicotinic)
   • Not hydrolyzed
6. Nicotine (Nicotinic)
   • Clinical use: Smoking

SHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGAL?

Nowadays, marijuana is among the youth, even the teenagers or adults, and that’s why I choose this topic. As we know, the marijuana is a famous drug since 1930 more or less, even Bob Marley did it. In the society, there are two types of people fighting between each other, some are agree with the legalization and some not. 

First of all, I think it should be legal because the marijuana has a lot of benefits, like the uses for medical purposes, for example; asthma and some kinds of cancers like glaucoma. Secondly, the major advantage of legalized marijuana should be the reason why people stop or do not start consuming it because once a drug is legal, the aa who consume it because they want to be cool, they lose the