Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Genetic source

It is thought that a crucial mutation that took place over a short period caused a genetic change that made it possible for humans to create a language.

Teeth

Are upright, not slanting outwards like those of apes and they are roughly even in height

Lips

Have much more intricate muscle interlacing than is found in other primates and their resulting flexibility certainly helps in making sounds like p or b

Mouth

Is relatively small compared to other primates can be opened and closed rapidly and contains a smaller, thicker and more muscular tongue which can be used to shape wide variety of sounds inside the oral cavity

Larynx

Or voice box containing the vocal folds or vocal cords differs significantly in position from the larynx of other... Continue reading "Evolution of Human Language: Genetic and Anatomical Factors" »

Dear Editor,

I am writing to express my views towards the abuse of domestic helpers in Hong Kong. Recently, more and more mistreatment cases of domestic helpers hit the headlines. It is astonishing that those helpers can be mistreated in such a violent way. Below are the reasons why the abuse of domestic helpers should be opposed.

First and foremost, any kind of abuse is illegal.

According to the law, no one can hurt the others by any cruel means, including the domestic helpers. Although most domestic helpers are foreigners, they are protected by the law. The employers who mistreat the domestic helpers break the law and should be brought to justice. How can we accept people being mistreated illegally in Hong Kong? This is why the abuse should... Continue reading "Opposing the Abuse of Domestic Helpers in Hong Kong" »

The changing in our eating habits in the last few decades have been mostly negative. In my opinion I think that there are more and more problems with the food industries and one of the biggest problems is meat. Many people have stopped eating it because of the treatment of animals. Another reason I think people feed on a lot of pre-cooked food for different reasons and one of them may be not having time to cook because of work, studies… I think that this may be hurting our health as many food we eat in don’t have enough vitamins (that food has without being pre-cooked.) These contain more fats, calories and other substances that are not needed in all foods. To finish I think we should pay more attention to what we should eat, and it’s... Continue reading "Modern Societal Challenges" »

Essential English Vocabulary

Common Terms and Expressions

• Alike - Semblant
• Adequate - Appropriate
• Awkward - Complicat
• Culture gap - Bretxa cultural
• Fit in - Encaixar
• Foreign - Estrany
• Misconception - Idea equivocada
• Outlook - Punt de vista
• Narrow-minded - Mentalitat tancada
• Roots - Origen
• Straightforward - Sincer/Directe
• Unheard of - Insòlit/a
• Come what may - Passi el que passi
• Fetch - Anar
• Heritage - Patrimoni
• Long for - Desitjar
• Overwhelming - Insuportable

Work and Education

• Boom - Molta demanda
• Degree - Grau
• Freelance - Per compte propi
• Internship - (Estada de) pràctiques
• Overtime - Hores extres
• Range - Varietat
• Rewarding - Gratificant
• Room for advancement - Possibilitat d'ascens
• Self-employed - Autònom
• Shift - Torn
• Think outside the box - Pensar diferent
• Troubleshooting

Common English Idioms and Phrases

Idioms with Meanings and Examples

Put Your Foot in Your Mouth

Meaning: To say something foolish, embarrassing, or hurtful by accident.

Example: I put my foot in my mouth when I called my brother's new wife by his ex-wife's name.

Cost an Arm and a Leg

Meaning: To be very expensive.

Example: It cost me an arm and a leg to get my car fixed.

Get Off My Back

Meaning: Stop bothering or criticizing me.

Example: Stop telling me what to do. Get off my back!

Give Someone the Cold Shoulder

Meaning: To ignore someone or treat them in an unfriendly way.

Example: I saw my ex-girlfriend at a party, but she wouldn't talk to me. She gave me the cold shoulder.

Feel Weak at the Knees

Meaning: To feel nervous, frightened, or excited.

Example:

Automotive Knowledge Assessment

Vehicle Recommendations for Specific Buyers

1. Janet: I recommend a red convertible for Janet. She is a single, mature, ambitious businesswoman with no dependents. She would surely love such a car.
2. Edward: Edward needs a car that makes him feel young again and helps him overcome his mid-life crisis. Since he is wealthy, I would recommend a super sport car.
3. John: John should certainly buy a hatchback. Given his young age and the fact that this is his first car, I believe it is the most suitable choice for him now.

Automotive Exterior Parts Vocabulary

Front and Top Components

• Sun roof
• Roof
• Windscreen
• Windscreen wiper
• Bonnet
• Logo
• Headlight
• Front bumper
• Indicator
• Wing
• Wheel arch
• Sill
• Tyre
• Wheel trim

Rear and Side Components

• Side window
• Rear

Body Parts and Related Terms

• Back of Hand: Esquena o dur (Dorsum of Hand)
• Cheek: Galta (Mofletes) (Cheek)
• Fingertip: Punta del dit (Fingertip)
• Foot: Peu (Foot)
• Forearm: Antebraç (Forearm)
• Forehead: Front (Forehead)
• Nose: Nas (Nose)
• Palm: Palmell de la mà (Palm of the Hand)
• Upper Lip: Llavi superior (Upper Lip)

Verbs and Actions Related to Pain

• Cope with: Poder amb (To manage/deal with)
• Feel: Sentir (To feel)
• Got: Aconseguit (Achieved/Gotten)
• Losing: Perdent (Losing)
• Relieve: Aliviar (To relieve)
• Took Away: Se'n va anar (Went away)
• Wears Off: Desaparèixer (To disappear/fade)
• Survive: Sobreviure (To survive)
• Makes: Fer (To make/do)
• Cured: Curar (Cured)
• Suffer: Sufrir (To suffer)
• Cannot: No poder (Cannot/Unable to)
• Cause: Causa (To cause)
• Managed: Gestionat (Managed)

In professional and personal contexts, knowing how to write a sincere and effective apology is crucial. This document outlines key elements and provides an example to help you master the art of apology communication.

Key Elements of an Apology Letter or Email

A well-structured apology addresses the issue clearly, expresses genuine regret, explains the situation, outlines corrective actions, and offers appropriate compensation or goodwill gestures.

Introduction: Acknowledging the Issue

• Thank you for your letter...
• I was sorry to hear that...
• Thank you for bringing this matter to our attention.

Apology: Expressing Regret

• I can only apologize for...
• Please accept my sincere apologies (for...).
• We apologize for any inconvenience caused / for the inconvenience.

-good morning teacher and classmate, today i'm going to explain about evolotion of conventional medicine.

- In most western countries it's practiced what we're used to call conventional medicine.

-thaught in medical schools and believed to be the most effective treatment, the most common treatments of conventional medicine include the prescription of antibiotics and prescription of scientifically tested farmaceuticals or surgical procedures.

-twelve haundred to six haundred before christ(1200-600)sushruta was an indian physician also he has been the first known surgeon in history, He authored the sushruta samhita, a commentary on medical science of surgery.

-four haundred sixty before christ( 460) hippocrates was recognized as the father of modern... Continue reading "A Brief History of Conventional Medicine" »

1) What are the vital signs?

- Blood pressure (BP), Temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, saturation of oxygen

2) What different patient charts are there? What do nurses document on them?

- Observation charts: Nurses document the patient's vital signs.
- Fluid balance chart: To document input/output of liquids/fluids.
- Drugs chart: To document the drugs given/administered to the patient.

3) Name different types of trolleys.

- Drugs trolley
- Dressings trolley
- Crash trolley

4) What happens when a patient is on a waiting list and a hospital bed becomes vacant?

The patient is contacted and told when to report to the hospital for admission.

5) Can all illnesses be treated at home?

No, not all illnesses can be treated at home. Some need hospitalization,... Continue reading "A Comprehensive Guide to Hospital Procedures, Common Illnesses, and Patient Care" »