Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Mathematics

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Descriptive statistics: Describe and summarize the data from the sample.

Probability models describe a model For the population which can be used to make probability statements about what Can be seen in the sample.

Statistical Inference goes in the Other direction. It uses the data in the sample to make inference about Features of  the population with Associated confidence and/or error bounds.

SPSS: Rows are subjects/units which are also Referred to as cases.

Columns are Things which are being measured on the cases. These are called variables.

Examples:

Obtaining Frequency tables:

Analyze -> Descriptive Stats -> Frequencies

Bar Graph: Graphs -> Legacy Dialog -> Bars -> Simple -> Category Axis (zyg)

Pie Chart:... Continue reading "Blood test "solt" »

Statistics: The Science of Organizing Data

Statistics is the science of organizing data to draw conclusions or answer questions.

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics describe data through numerical summaries and graphs.

Variables

Variables are characteristics of individuals within the population.

Discrete and Continuous Variables

Discrete variables are counted, while continuous variables are measured.

Nominal and Ordinal Variables

Nominal variables are named, while ordinal variables are ranked or ordered.

Interval and Ratio Variables

Interval variables have no meaningful zero and equal intervals between values, while ratio variables have a meaningful zero.

Types of Variables in a Study

The response variable is what is being studied, the explanatory... Continue reading "Introduction to Statistics" »

1. Equivalent Units Calculation

2. Cost per Equivalent Unit

Key Financial Formulas and Profit Calculations

1. Sales - COGS (Initial Stock - Final Stock + Purchase) = Gross Margin
2. Gross Margin - Operating Expenses = EBITDA
3. EBITDA - Amortization (Value 1 - Value 2) = EBIT
4. EBIT - Financial Expenses = EBT
5. EBT - Taxes = EAT
6. EAT - Dividends = Net Profit

Working Capital (WC) = Current Assets (CA) / Current Liabilities (CL)

Net Income and Revenue Concepts

• Revenues minus expenses = Net income.
• Unearned revenues is a Liability.
• Assets minus liabilities = Equity.

Fundamental Accounting Definitions

• Assets: A resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity.
• Liability: A present obligation of the enterprise arising from past events.
• Equity: What

Financial Balance Sheet Formulas

• Working Capital (WC) = Accounts Receivable + Stock - Accounts Payable
• Net Short-Term Debt = Banking ST Debt - Cash
• Net Assets = WC + Net Fixed Assets
• Net Liabilities = Net ST Debt + Long-Term Debt + Equity
• Financial Margin (%) = Equity + Long-Term Debt - Net Fixed Assets

Working Capital (WC) Metrics

• AMP Collecting = (Average Receivables / Revenue) × 365
• 1 Day Revenue = Revenue / 365
• Purchases = Stock1 - Stock0 + Cost of Sales (COS)
• AMP Payment = (Average Payables / Purchases) × 365
• 1 Day Purchases = Purchases / 365
• AMP Stock = (Average Stock / COS) × 365
• 1 Day COS = COS / 365
• PMMF = AMP Collecting + AMP Stock - AMP Payment

Cash Flow Analysis

• CFO (Cash Flow from Operations) = Net Profit + Amortization - Increase in WC (WC1

Vocabulary Builder: 35 Essential Words

A

1. Agonized

Manifesting, suffering, or characterized by great physical or mental pain.

2. Ample

Large and accommodating.

3. Assent

The expression of approval or agreement.

B

4. Befall

(Of something bad) happen to someone.

C

5. Chariots

A two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used in ancient warfare and racing.

6. Conceive

Become pregnant with (a child). Form or devise (a plan or idea) in the mind.

7. Cordial

Friendly, warm.

D

8. Dews

Moisture condensed from the atmosphere, especially at night, and deposited in the form of small drops upon any cool surface.

9. Divine

Of, from, or like God or a god.

10. Doe

Female deer.

F

11. Foe

An enemy or opponent.

G

12. Gossamer

Used to refer to something very light, thin, and insubstantial or delicate.... Continue reading "Vocabulary Builder: 35 Essential Words with Definitions" »

Property Tax and Assessment Calculations

A home has an assessed value of $430,000.

Calculating Portioned Assessment

Calculate the total portioned assessment for the property if the portioned percentage is 45%:

• $430,000 × 0.45 = $193,500

Municipal and Education Tax

The mill rate for the Municipal tax is 24 mills on the portioned assessment:

• $193,500 × (24 / 1,000) = $4,644

In addition to the Municipal tax, there is an Education tax of $3,870 and a provincial tax credit of $700. The total tax calculation is:

• $4,644 + $3,870 - $700 = $7,814

Calculating Gross Debt Service Ratio (GDSR)

George is considering purchasing a home. He earns a gross income of $44,400 annually. His monthly costs include:

• Heating: $140
• Property Taxes: $200
• Mortgage Payment: $940

To calculate... Continue reading "Practical Math Problems for Finance and Geometry" »