Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

The American Revolution: Birth of a Nation

The American Revolution was a conflict between thirteen British colonies in North America and Great Britain between 1775 and 1783. From this process, a new nation emerged. The new state that emerged from the revolution settled on a set of values and institutions inspired by liberal thought. According to them, at birth, anyone has a series of guaranteed natural, individual, and transferable rights: life, liberty, equality, property, the right to overthrow an unjust government, legal defense, and freedom of expression, association, and the press. These rights were enshrined early in the Declaration of Independence (Philadelphia, July 4, 1776), written by Thomas Jefferson, and the Virginia Declaration... Continue reading "American Revolution: Birth of a Nation & Its Constitution" »

Conflict Between Treaties and Domestic Law

What happens internally if there is a conflict between a duly incorporated international treaty and a contrary national law? Which ultimately prevails?

Distinguishing Two Situations of Conflict

We must distinguish two primary situations regarding the timing of enactment:

1. The Treaty is Later than the Law: In this case, it is generally recognized that the treaty takes precedence. Since the treaty often has the same force as a law, the principle of lex posterior derogat priori (a later law repeals an earlier one) applies, especially since treaties often contain special rules that apply preferentially.
2. The Law is Later than the Treaty: In this scenario, efforts must be made to avoid conflict. The national law

Item 4 - Politics: The Art of Directing and Organizing the State

Politics is the art of directing and organizing the polis (the state).

• Rules: They seek to regulate the behavior of human freedom to achieve certain values.
• Institution: Systems organized in society, permanently, which aim to meet certain needs. Examples of institutions are the institution of marriage, unions, etc. Institutions are regulated in turn by norms.
• State and Types: Partnerships with institutions that manage political power. There are three types: slave, feudal, and modern.
• Modern State: It can be defined as a social institution with universal jurisdiction. It is a source of legality, has a monopoly of coercive power, and is sovereign.
• Absolutism: A government system in which

Fungible and Infungible Assets Explained

ITEM 19 Expendable and Expendable INFUNGIBLE ASSETS are those that can be replaced by other homogeneous assets equivalent to each other and covered by their characteristics or generic qualities. Example: money, a book.

Infungible goods are those that are identified in any legal relationship taking into account their own characteristics, which need not occur in the remaining assets of the category. Example: a book dedicated by the author or a particular box.

YOUR MONEY AS WELL AS CONSUMABLES is a unit of measure of value that is given to things in the market. The importance of money is not in its consideration as a thing, but for being a medium of exchange and payment. Money is a material thing, currency... Continue reading "Fungible vs. Infungible Assets" »

Understanding Civil Status

Civil status is a quality people possess through which they contract rights and obligations.

Different Types of Status

• Single
• Married
• Widowed
• Divorced
• Child
• Legitimate child
• Recognized natural child
• Recognized cohabitation

Acquiring or Amending Status

Status can be acquired or amended through:

Legal Acts

Events where the will of the people participates, e.g., marriage, divorce.

Legal Facts

A fact which does not involve the will of the people and has legal impact, e.g., birth, death, majority.

Court of Law

A decision made by a judge after a process. Can modify status, e.g., an adoptive child becoming legitimate (adoptive legitimation), divorce.

Characteristics of Marital Status

1. Inherent: Inherent in the human person.
2. Imperative: Cannot

Basic Working and Employment Conditions for Temporary Workers

Member States may, after consultation with social partners at national level and on the basis of an agreement concluded by them, establish provisions concerning the basic working and employment conditions which derogate from the principle established in paragraph 1. Such arrangements may include a deadline to achieve equal treatment. The provisions referred to in this paragraph shall comply with Community law and be sufficiently precise and accessible to allow sectors and enterprises concerned to identify and meet their obligations.

Social Security and Other Schemes

Member States shall specify whether social security schemes, including pensions, cash benefits for sickness, or financial... Continue reading "Temporary Worker Rights: Conditions, Access, and Equal Treatment" »

1. The 1931 Elections and the Provisional Government

On 12 April 1931, municipal elections were held in Spain with a high turnout, resulting in a victory for the Republican-Socialist coalition. Given the political situation, Alfonso XIII abdicated the crown and left the country for exile. In Madrid, representatives of the signatories of the Pact of San Sebastian formed a provisional government and proclaimed the Second Spanish Republic on 14 April 1931.

The provisional government called for elections to the Constituent Cortes on 28 June 1931 and implemented emergency measures to address the country's primary challenges. In Catalonia, on that same day, Lluis Companys proclaimed the Republic from the balcony of Barcelona City Hall. A few hours... Continue reading "The Second Spanish Republic: Origins and 1931 Constitution" »

Types of Adoption

There are two primary types of adoption: Adoptive Legitimation and Simple Adoption.

Requirements for Adopters

• Applicants must be over 25 years old, regardless of marital status, with a minimum 15-year age difference from the adoptee.
• The guardian is accountable to the court, and the judge must approve all financial accounts.
• Adoption is generally individual; however, spouses married for at least one year may adopt jointly.

Requirements for the Adoptee

• Any child or adolescent may be adopted. Those over 13 years of age must provide their consent.
• If the child is under parental authority (patria potestas), the biological parents must express their will.
• Biological parents who consent to the adoption may have their parental authority suspended

General Contractual Clauses (CGC)

CGC: "are standard clauses in a contract imposed by one party, regardless of its authorship, external appearance, size or other circumstances, and intended to be incorporated into a plurality of contracts."

Legal Status and Control System

Legal status: These are elements that make it possible to streamline contracting processes but can be negative because they may express the dominance of the offeror over the consumer. The result can be a model contract virtually immune to consumer complaints. Therefore, the law has imposed conditions that constitute a control system established by Law 26/1984 and Directive 93/13/EEC (1993).

The control system under these laws performs two types of control:

• Control of incorporation:

Effects of Obligations in Law

This section outlines the fundamental aspects and consequences related to legal obligations.

Compliance with Obligations

• Effective implementation of the provision.
• The allowance is indivisible.
• The active subject of compliance is the debtor.
• Payment by a third party is possible.

Time and Place of Performance

Their determination is crucial for declaring default by either the debtor or the creditor.

• Creditor's Mora Provision: Deposit in court at the disposal of the creditor and debtor to give and receive the benefit.

Understanding Default

Default signifies a breach of obligation. It can be:

• Absolute Default: Inability to execute future benefit.
• Relative Default: Compliance outside or in part, which can be rejected by the creditor.