Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Roman Law

Roman Law represents the legal system developed by the Roman people throughout their history. It comprises institutions created by the Roman people to address the situations encountered in the daily lives of citizens within their territory. This legal system is deeply connected to the core aspects of Roman life.

During imperial times, the Ius Civile Romanus was formed by new laws emerging from the emperors through their constitutions. It was in the sixth century AD when Emperor Justinian I collected the works of previous jurists (jurisconsults) in the Corpus Iuris Civilis. This led to Roman law being identified with the laws contained in the works commissioned by Justinian (Digestum, Codex, Novellae, Institutiones). It's important to... Continue reading "Foundations and Principles of Roman Law" »

Dissolution of Marriage in Islamic Law

Islamic law governs the dissolution of marriage through specific legal formulas, primarily 'divorce' and 'repudiation'. Repudiation encompasses cases of dissolution imposed unilaterally by one spouse or those resulting from the mutual agreement of the spouses.

Methods of Islamic Marriage Dissolution

In addition to cases of absolute and relative nullity, and dissolution due to the death of either party, an Islamic marriage is primarily dissolved in three ways:

• Unilateral repudiation
• Mutual agreement
• Judicial dissolution (either ex officio or upon request by a party)

The Husband's Prerogative in Dissolution

The husband holds the primary right to terminate a marriage. Even when the dissolution results from a mutual... Continue reading "Islamic Marriage Dissolution: Legal Frameworks, Divorce, and Repudiation" »

Types of Payment

• Advance Payment: The provider requires payment prior to collection or delivery of services.
• Cash Payment: The customer pays at the time of delivery or service provision.
• Postponed Payment / Credit: The provider allows postponing bill payment for a period.

Payment Delays and Associated Documents

If there is a delay in payment, the buyer will be required to pay legal interest on the outstanding amount. Both cash and other forms of payment for various goods or services involve a series of documents:

A) The Check

Definition and Requirements

A check is a document regulated by law. The requirements are:

• Name of the document (e.g., "Check")
• Mandate to pay a specific sum
• Name of the drawee (the bank that has to pay)
• Place of payment, date, and

The Path to Spanish Democracy

The opposition called for abstention during the referendum held to approve legislation for universal suffrage. This marked the beginning of the legalization of political parties and unions, as well as the dismantling of key Francoist institutions, which unfortunately triggered an outbreak of ultra-right violence, terrorist activity, and unrest from groups like ETA.

Political Consolidation and Legalization

A primary necessity for stabilizing the nation was the legalization of the Communist Party (PCE), which faced significant resistance from the military and the "bunker" (hardline Francoists). It was finally legalized in 1977.

• UCD (Union of the Democratic Centre): Led by Adolfo Suárez, this coalition brought together

Understanding Constitutional Allegations

Constitutional allegations spanning two decades have been marked by intense confrontations, impacting all sectors and leading to unexpected political outcomes.

The Constitutional Accusation (AC) Mechanism

The Constitutional Accusation (AC) serves as a control mechanism for official acts of irresponsibility or irregularities in public functions. While the AC is a vital tool, it is not always the most appropriate procedure, as constitutional responsibility may also fall under criminal or administrative law.

Bases for Impeachment Offenses

• Impeachment offenses are explicitly detailed in Article 52 of the Constitution.

Performance and Inter-Branch Relations

• Parliamentarism necessitates immediate cooperation between

The Criminal Trial: Proof and Judgment

Proof is the core activity in the criminal trial process, upon which the court founds its justification and decides the case. Initially, one can only speak of holding a party's claims; however, this alone is insufficient to support the final decision. Verification activity within the process is necessary.

Therefore, we must consider the evidence only after all research activity conducted during the instruction phase by the judge has been completed. The trial is not merely for research but for judgment, and the judging authority must always be a different subject from the one who conducted the initial investigation.

Evidence Presentation and Appreciation

Evidence is only practiced before the judge, who must... Continue reading "Criminal Trial Evidence: Proof and Judicial Assessment" »

Item 2: Understanding Labor Strikes

Definition of a Strike

The strike is the most significant form of pressure available to workers. It is defined as a collective suspension of work, previously agreed upon by the employees. During a strike, the employer is not obligated to pay wages to those participating. Furthermore, the employer must respect the right to work of employees who choose not to join the strike.

Illegal Strikes

Strikes are considered illegal under the following circumstances:

• Strikes held for political reasons unrelated to worker interests.
• Solidarity or support strikes, unless they directly impact the professional interests of those promoting them.
• Actions seeking to alter terms already established in a collective agreement.
• Rotating

Banking Services

Characteristics

Banking services are activities undertaken by a bank at the request of its customers, satisfying a need. Their price is called a commission.

Differences from Goods

• Intangibility: Services cannot be perceived by the senses. You do not know if a service is expensive or not until it is used.
• Inability to Protect with Patents: Services cannot be patented; only the name is patented (e.g., Visa).
• Perishability: If a service is not used, it is lost.
• Impossibility of Appropriation: Purchase only grants the right to use the service, not ownership.

Debits

Debits are authorizations given to the bank to make collections and payments from a bank account.

• Collections: Payroll, pensions, broadcast collections.
• Payments: Utilities (electricity,

Key Principles of the 1869 Constitution

The Constitution of 1869 contains the principle of national sovereignty and develops a more extensive declaration of rights that recognizes the rights of habeas corpus and the inviolability of domicile and correspondence.

The Bicameral Legislative System

A system of representation is established where the legislature is set in two chambers:

• Congress: Composed of members who are elected by direct universal suffrage for men over 25 years.
• Senate: Consists of men over 40 years. The Senate is indirectly elected by the provinces but with a limited membership of the high civil, military, and religious sectors.

The two chambers have legislative initiative and choose the regency.

The Role of the King and the Judiciary

The... Continue reading "Spanish Constitution of 1869 and the Reign of Amadeo I" »

Limited Liability Company (S.L.)

A capitalist company structure, ideal for businesses with a limited number of partners and moderate capital requirements.

General Characteristics of an S.L.

• The number of partners can be one or more. Single-member companies are known as sole proprietorships.
• The partners' liability is limited to their capital contribution; they are only responsible for the capital invested.
• The share capital is divided into shares. It must not be less than €3,000. At the time of incorporation, the capital must be fully subscribed and paid; no unpaid liabilities (unpaid portions) are permitted. Capital can be contributed in cash, property, or rights.
• The corporate name must be followed by "S.L." or "S.R.L." (Sociedad de Responsabilidad