Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Legitimate Defense and Force Majeure

2) Legitimate Defense: The right of self-defense is one that a state has to use force to repel aggression against them. Force majeure and fortuitous events: This circumstance also disclaims responsibility for third parties, provided these defenses involve an act of impossibility in any other manner that is not the right counter-example. For instance: the case of military aircraft of a state that are bound by a mechanical or product failure, or bad weather, and were forced to overfly the territory of another state without authorization.

Consent of the Injured State

Consent of the Injured State: This can also change to a circumstance exempting the legitimacy of the act, so the injured state eliminates the wrongfulness... Continue reading "State Responsibility and Reparations in International Law" »

Fundamental Principles of the Civil Code

Article 1: Definition of Law

Article 1. The law is a statement of the sovereign will as expressed in the form prescribed by the Constitution, which commands, forbids, or permits.

Article 2: Custom and Practice

Article 2. Custom does not constitute law except in cases where the law refers to it.

Article 3: Interpretation of the Law

Article 3. It belongs only to the legislature to explain or interpret the law in a generally binding manner. Judicial rulings are binding only on the cases currently being decided.

Article 4: Special Codes and Preferences

Article 4. The provisions contained in the Codes of Commerce, Mining, the Army and Navy, and other special laws shall take preference over this Code.

Article 5: Reporting

Administration and Social Jurisdiction

The Inspection of Labour and Social Security (ITSS) acts as the primary body for controlling labor regulations, with the specific task of conducting company inspections.

Labor Courts and Judicial Hierarchy

• Labor Courts: Resolve conflicts and interpret the law. Social courts serve as the first instance for labor processes with provincial scope.
• Social Rooms of Superior Courts: Handle matters extending beyond provincial jurisdiction within autonomous communities.
• Social Room of the National Audience: Holds national jurisdiction based in Madrid, ranking higher than the autonomous community courts.
• Social Room of the Supreme Court: Based in Madrid with national jurisdiction, it rules on interpretations from lower

The Legal Process: Understanding Claims and Their Elements

The legal process is initiated by a claim or declaration of will from the plaintiff or prosecutor, filed in court against the defendant or accused. In civil proceedings, it seeks the recognition of an existing right or legal position, or the conviction of the debtor to fulfill a specific obligation. In criminal trials, it aims for the sentencing of the defendant to a particular penalty.

Key Elements of a Legal Claim

Subjective Elements: Legitimacy

This refers to the legal relationship that must exist between the plaintiff and the defendant. The burden of proof for establishing both active (plaintiff's) and passive (defendant's) legitimacy rests exclusively with the plaintiff.

Objective Elements:

Business Formation: Key Administrative Procedures

1. Economic Tax on Activities (ALIAE)

   The ALIAE (Economic Tax on Activities) is a tax levied on local businesses and professionals engaged in specific activities. Only companies with a legal form that is a social factor and an annual turnover exceeding €1,000,000 are subject to this tax.

2. Declaration of Commencement of Activity and Tax Options

   This document provides essential information regarding the characteristics of the business activity, its location, and the chosen tax regime. This declaration must be submitted by the employer or professional to the government treasury before the start of any activity.

3. Prior Declaration Before Starting Activity

   A general declaration may be required prior to the

Electoral System and the Electoral Process

The electoral process consists of the following stages:

1. Calling of elections.
2. Presentation and announcement of nominations:
   • a) Candidates.
   • b) Entitled to nominate candidates: Parties and federations, coalitions, and groups of voters who meet the requirements set by the special provisions of the Act.
   • c) Publication and announcement of nominations.
   • d) Appeals against the proclamation of candidates.
3. The electoral campaign:
   • a) General meaning and features: Free communication of ideas, equality of opportunity, institutional development to encourage participation in elections, political neutrality of public authorities, and the prohibition of electoral propaganda for members of the armed forces, state security bodies,

What is the penalty for the disposal of inherited real estate when the registrations required by Article 688 are omitted?

Thesis 1: Absolute Nullity for All Sales

The penalty is absolute nullity because it violates the mandatory rules of the Conservador de Bienes Raíces (CBR). This applies to both voluntary and forced sales.

Thesis 2: Absolute Nullity Limited to Voluntary Sales

The penalty would be absolute nullity, but only for voluntary sales and not forced ones. This is based on two reasons:

• Article 688 specifically refers to "the heirs," a limitation that cannot be extended to the justice system.
• If absolute invalidity were applied to forced sales, the heirs of a debtor could refuse to register the property to paralyze all execution against

Key Definitions in Democracy

• Democracy: A political system where state power originates from the people, who often wield that power through their representatives. The word democracy comes from the Greek Demokratia, meaning "people power".
• Sovereignty: The highest political power of the state, to which all other powers are subordinated.
• Government: The leading agency of political power in democracies. According to the division of powers, it assumes executive power.
• People's Will: The collective political will of citizens expressed together.

Majority Rule in Democracy

Democracy involves the political power of the people, expressing their collective will through voting. The options chosen by the majority in these votes must, in principle, be accepted... Continue reading "Core Concepts and Rules of Democratic Systems" »

First Practice

First Course

Section 1

I would suggest three principles that provide a special relevance, but there is one thing to note about them.

The provisions in which the company has reached its highest level of general interest are:

• Article 128.1: Himself says article. All this in a market economy. This article, however, is tempered by another article which sets limits, and this article is 33.3.
• Article 129.2: The enterprise.

Second Course

Paragraph 1

It must be a normative use since they supply the absence of law. As a condition of use policy, it must also be legitimate.

Furthermore, it should be obvious (which is recognized by all stakeholders in this area).

If it were not obvious, proof would be required.

Paragraph 2

In accordance with Article

Tax Management Concept

Tax administration is defined in Article 117 of the General Tax Law (LGT), based on its specific functions. By systematizing the long list of functions contained in the article, it can be said that the core of tax administration lies in the reception and processing of claims and the demand for self-assessments of tax liability.

Tax management produces different procedures and actions, among which procedures for declarations and self-assessments stand out, culminating in liquidations. The management area is also responsible for a series of instrumental tasks and general administration, such as:

• Information services
• The development and maintenance of censuses
• The issuance of certificates
• The issuance of Tax Identification Numbers