Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

The United Nations Structure and Its Key Functions

The United Nations (UN) is structured into several key organs, each with specific functions and responsibilities. Here's an overview:

1. General Assembly (GA)

The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the UN. It comprises representatives from all Member States, each with one vote. Its functions include discussing any matter within the scope of the Charter. While it primarily issues recommendations that are not mandatory, decisions on important matters require a 2/3 majority vote, while other issues require a simple majority.

2. Security Council

The Security Council consists of 15 members, including 5 permanent members (China, Russia, USA, UK, and France) and 10 members elected by the... Continue reading "Understanding the United Nations Structure and Functions" »

Assistance and Collaboration with Law Enforcement (FFCCSS)

One of the primary obligations of private security personnel is to provide collaboration and follow instructions from law enforcement regarding the people, goods, facilities, or vehicles under their protection.

Legal Framework

This duty is supported by Article 66 of the RSP and Article 1.4 of the LSP. This legal backing establishes the necessary limitations and requirements for professional cooperation.

Scope of Cooperation

• Investigation and Prosecution: Security personnel have a heightened duty compared to the general public when performing protection and surveillance functions.
• Workplace Context: The duty of cooperation applies specifically to the exercise of professional functions and

Historical Evolution of the State

The modern state arose in the fifteenth century. Its development can be categorized into several stages:

• Absolutist state: Political power is concentrated in the person of the king, exercised absolutely.
• Liberal state: Characterized by the prevalence of the Constitution and the defense of individual rights, including life, liberty, security, and property.
• Democratic state: Defined by equal legal, juridical, and political rights for all citizens, including the equality of the vote.
• Social and Democratic state: This model requests the intervention of the state to create wealth and distribute it evenly throughout society.

Types of State

According to the Form of Government

1. Presidential states: The state has a paramount

Human Rights History

Though some background on the first texts (Bills of Rights) exists, such as the 1689 English Bill of Rights, which lists several human rights, it is in the eighteenth century that precedents of human rights declarations appear:

1. Virginia Declaration of Rights (USA, 1776)

   Arising in the context of the War of Independence against England, it covers the rights of citizens, although it excluded slaves and foreigners. This declaration served as a draft for the U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776).

2. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (France, 1789)

   Adopted by the National Constituent Assembly, it recognizes equal rights for all human beings, representing a significant advance compared to the Virginia Declaration. It is

Introduction to the National Executive

Item 2

The national executive par excellence is the Government. This is true for two primary reasons:

• First: It is a constant body that never ceases its activity at any time, both domestically and internationally.
• Second: The Government is subject not only to the Constitution and laws but can also make policy decisions above the law. This refers to political program options that are not subject to judicial review or merely dependent on the execution of a legal rule.

Title IV of the Spanish Constitution

Title IV of the Spanish Constitution is titled "Of the Government and the Administration," which implies a close relationship between both institutions. This includes the direction of domestic and foreign policy,... Continue reading "Spanish Government and Public Administration Functions" »

Chapter 4: The Current Constitution

The constitutions proposed today represent a political model essentially different from the 19th-century liberal past. These constitutions have reaffirmed the principle of popular sovereignty against the nineteenth-century tradition that favored state sovereignty. They have taken up the revolutionary tradition of the Declaration of Rights, expanding its scope to social rights, which, though only fleetingly relevant, had been asserted during the French Revolution.

Constitutional Control and Supremacy

Rigid constitutions are protected by special review procedures and reinforced by a steady spread of constitutional control. This control is organized differently than the American diffuse model but remains active... Continue reading "Modern Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law" »

Family Law and Kinship

Family law governs relationships, marriages, partnerships and affiliated kinship and family relationship concerns. It can be established by blood or by affinity.

Kinship may be lineal (direct) or collateral (indirect). Collateral kinship links individuals who share a common parentage. Degrees of kinship are measured between relatives. For some relationships there is a first degree. For legal effects, kinship is relevant for inheritance and maintenance (support).

Maintenance
Maintenance refers to obligations of support among relatives. It covers the economic obligation to provide food and support when required. Maintenance obligations can arise between direct line relatives and, in certain cases, among siblings.

Marriage:

Understanding Social Disparities

Gaps: Absence of Resources

Gaps refer to the absence of capacities or resources generally considered necessary to fully develop a person's human potential.

Peculiarities: Distinguishing Characteristics

Peculiarities are the characteristics of certain individuals or groups who are perceived by the rest of society as distinct.

Indifference: Lack of Compassion

Indifference is the attitude of a lack of interest and compassion that leads us to worry more about the situation and problems of others.

Xenophobia: Fear of Strangers

Xenophobia, from the Greek, signifies the fear of the stranger or foreigner. It applies to attitudes and hate towards foreign people.

Attitudes: Positive or Negative Dispositions

Attitudes are positive... Continue reading "Understanding Social Gaps, Discrimination, and Equality" »

Article 367. Special Cases for Food Requirements

The food requirement is also appropriate when:

• a) The identity is established indirectly through a binding decision rendered by a judicial authority;
• b) The identity is confirmed by an explicit, written statement from the respective parent or a formal confession in an authentic document;
• c) According to the judge hearing the application, the subsidiary can link a set of circumstances and evidence which, taken together, constitute sufficient, accurate, and consistent proof.

Article 368. Mandated Subsidiary Obligations

If the father or mother has died, lacks economic means, or is disabled, the food requirement falls upon the older siblings of the child or adolescent in order of proximity, followed by... Continue reading "Legal Framework for Child Support and Maintenance Obligations" »

Labor Corporations: SAL and SLL

Sociedad Anónima Laboral / Sociedad Limitada Laboral

Members: Three or more. No partner may hold more than one-third of the share capital (KS). There must be at least two workers. If one partner is a public entity, it may own up to 49% of the KS. [for two]

Responsibility: Same for both types of companies.

Disputes and Transfer of Capital

DISPUTES: Regarding transfer of share capital (transfer of shares in S.L. or of stocks/shares in S.A.), there is an order of preference:

1. Permanent workers (first place)
2. Labor partners
3. Donors
4. Workers without an indefinite contract

Common Requirements

It is required to constitute a special reserve fund equal to 10% of profits.

Business Name, Taxes and Constitution

Business name: The business... Continue reading "Labor Corporations, Social Interest Societies & Cooperatives" »