Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Numbers Written Out in English

Numbers 1 to 30

1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four
5. Five
6. Six
7. Seven
8. Eight
9. Nine
10. Ten
11. Eleven
12. Twelve
13. Thirteen
14. Fourteen
15. Fifteen
16. Sixteen
17. Seventeen
18. Eighteen
19. Nineteen
20. Twenty
21. Twenty-one
22. Twenty-two
23. Twenty-three
24. Twenty-four
25. Twenty-five
26. Twenty-six
27. Twenty-seven
28. Twenty-eight
29. Twenty-nine
30. Thirty

Numbers by Tens (40-100)

• Forty
• Fifty
• Sixty
• Seventy
• Eighty
• Ninety
• One hundred

Numbers 101 to 150

• One hundred and one
• One hundred and two
• One hundred and three
• One hundred and four
• One hundred and five
• One hundred and six
• One hundred and seven
• One hundred and eight
• One hundred and nine
• One hundred and ten
• One hundred and eleven
• One hundred and twelve
• One hundred and thirteen
• One hundred and fourteen
• One hundred and fifteen
• One hundred and sixteen
• One hundred and seventeen
• One hundred and eighteen
• One hundred and

Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. He was likely born on September 29, 1547, in Alcalá de Henares and died on April 22, 1616, in Madrid. He was buried on April 23, and this date is popularly known as the date of his death. He is considered the greatest figure in Spanish literature. He is universally known, especially because he wrote *The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha*, which many critics have described as the first modern novel and one of the best works of world literature. He was given the nickname "Prince of Wits."

Baroque Poetry

Baroque poets demonstrate an extraordinary literary quality in sonnets, tenths, *letrillas*, *silvas*, *romances*, etc. Notable authors include... Continue reading "Spanish Literature: Key Authors and Movements" »

Introduction to Post-Romanticism

In the last third of the 19th century, a reaction against the post-Romantic idealistic type emerged. Writers rebelled against bourgeois values and customs (business, money, fame) and chose a more marginal way of life (alcohol, drugs) as a rejection of the society to which they belonged. They were drawn to the bohemian lifestyle, a model based on rebellion and freedom, which had two faces: the dandy and the cursed. Writers believed that the ultimate aim of art should be beauty. With them, contemporary art and artists were born. Post-Romanticism had its maximum splendor in France, giving rise to two poetic movements: Parnassianism and Symbolism.

Parnassianism

Focused on the theme of art for art's sake, Parnassian

Liberalism: H.G. Wells

Herbert George Wells was born into a low-middle-class family facing economic problems, leading him to seek a grant for his studies. He earned a degree in zoology but chose to become a writer, authoring textbooks on biology and geography. Wells aimed to reform the social system, employing a simple and energetic style. His writing, characterized by social realism and inspired by personal experiences, often depicted social issues with a stark, impressionistic approach, creating an immediate impact on readers. His works explored science fiction, social problems, sexual freedom, and offered a sarcastic portrayal of English social life, critiquing institutions. Notable works include The Time Machine (science fiction) and Marriage... Continue reading "Literary Modernism: Wells, Eliot, Lawrence, and Woolf" »

The Gaucho: A Cultural Icon

The gaucho, a mixed-race figure of Creole and mestizo heritage, emerged as a distinct human type on the plains of the Rio de la Plata region, with origins tracing back to colonial times.

Gaucho Poetry: An Oral Tradition

Gaucho poetry originated as an oral tradition, later adopted and developed by learned poets into a written art form.

Gaucho Poetry and Romanticism

During the Romantic era, gaucho poetry gained significant momentum due to its national character, which resonated with the movement's focus on local color.

The Evolution of Gaucho Poetry

Gaucho poetry evolved through three distinct stages:

1. Anonymous minstrels reciting songs in makeshift settings.
2. The transition from oral recitation to written poems, marking the

Catalan Literature in the 19th Century

Language Context in the 19th Century

During the nineteenth century, confidence in the Catalan language was initially low among the educated classes. However, since the end of the eighteenth century, enlightened individuals and the bourgeoisie rediscovered its potential.

Romanticism Movement in Catalonia

Romanticism arose in Germany and England in the late eighteenth century. It spread throughout Europe, but its arrival in the Iberian Peninsula coincided with a period of decline for the movement elsewhere. It is linked to revolutionary movements.

Core Characteristics of Romanticism

• Dissatisfaction with the real world
• Nostalgia for the past
• Spiritualism and religious subjectivity
• Emphasis on imagination and fantasy
• Search

Catalan Humanism: The Shift from Medieval Thought

The Rise of Humanism

The late fourteenth century marked a significant shift from the medieval mindset. Across Europe, and particularly in the sixteenth century, a new focus on human agency emerged. This movement, known as humanism, liberated individuals from theocratic authority, placing them at the center of intellectual and artistic pursuits. Medieval dogmatism was abandoned, replaced by an environment where questioning and debate were encouraged. Reason became the primary source of knowledge, leading to a renewed interest in Greco-Latin culture.

Philosophically, humanism embraced Epicurean ideals, such as the pursuit of knowledge for pleasure, the avoidance of fear, and the questioning of... Continue reading "Catalan Humanism: Bernat Metge and the Dawn of Reason" »

Throughout this decade, there is a process of narrative renewal. The main charges against the social novelists of the fifties were the futility of their conception of literature as an instrument of social change and the impoverishment of the artistic quality. There appears a kind of experimental novel, more concerned with formal and linguistic aspects of the story than the objective reproduction of reality: the how is of as much interest as what counts.

Viewpoint

Although the omniscient narrator or the narrator with a social objective of the fifties are no longer used, the narrator-player is often used, which lets you focus the story from several perspectives. Some novelists even advocate the disappearance of the author, who would only give the... Continue reading "Evolution of the Spanish Novel: Narrative Renewal" »

Blas de Otero: Poetic Techniques and Themes

In the first poem of the book, the author announces the abandonment of his earlier, distraught poetry and declares: "I give all my poems for a man / in peace." This solidarity has allowed him to overcome his feelings of anguish. The poems on Spain are about love and pain, with its distant past remembered with pain, and love of its lands. Blas de Otero recalls his demands for peace, justice, and freedom, and proclaims his faith and hope for a better Spain.

In terms of style, his work has grown from the dramatic tones of previous books to simpler issues, but behind that simplicity often hides a hard work in the presence of abundant phonetic and lexical parallels, etc. Que trata de España is a large collection... Continue reading "Blas de Otero: Analysis of Poetic Techniques and Themes" »

Upon receipt of a letter from Marina Carrascal, accepting the relationship that Avitus proposed, he says: "The manual has been copied from some, and is satisfied. But is not the copy the same instinct, nature, matter? The letter will say what it wants, but what about the eyes? ... Oh, my eyes! Here you can copy it all, do not copy anything; they are absolutely original, classic originals..."

Analysis of the Dialogue

The Dynamics of Control and Passion

1.1. The text reflects the dialogue between Avitus Carrascal and Marina in the interview they maintain after Marina accepts Avitus's proposition of a relationship. In this passage, Avitus tries to maintain a position of control and mastery of the situation from a rational point of view, but despite... Continue reading "Avitus and Marina: A Dialogue of Passion" »