Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Extremos locales

Definición. Sea f : C → R una función definida en un abierto C ⊆ R n. -Diremos que el punto a ∈ C es un máximo relativo (local) estricto de f si f (a) > f (x) para todo x perteneciente a un entorno reducido de a en C. -Diremos que el punto a ∈ C es un mínimo relativo (local) estricto de f si f (a) < f (x) para todo x perteneciente a un entorno reducido de a en C. -Diremos que el punto a ∈ C es un máximo relativo (local) de f si f (a) > f (x) para todo x perteneciente a un entorno de a en C. -Diremos que el punto a ∈ C es un mínimo relativo (local) de f si f (a) ≤ f (x) para todo x perteneciente a un entorno de a en C. A estos máximos y mínimos los llamaremos extremos locales de f en C.

Extremos

Unit 10: English Spelling and Phonology

Index:

• English Spelling
• Orthographic Codes in EFL (Rules)
• Sound-Grapheme Relationships: Vowels, Consonants, Silent Letters
• Teaching the Written Code
• Games and Tasks

1. English Spelling

Study of language from two perspectives:

• Diachronic: Study of language over time.
• Synchronic: Study over a specific period in history.

English is the result of the influence of different languages: French, Greek, Latin, Anglo-Saxon (Latin alphabet).

The Great Vowel Shift was a massive change affecting long vowels in the 15th-18th centuries.

Examples: 'enquiry' vs. 'inquiry', American English 'colour' vs. 'color'.

2. Orthographic Codes in EFL (Rules)

Requires good visual memory and the ability to associate forms and meanings.

Rules:

• Consonant

Rhetorical Appeals in Julius Caesar

Brutus's Use of Rhetoric

Ethos: Establishing Credibility

Brutus spoke in prose, not blank verse. This was the everyday language of the common people. By speaking this way, Brutus effectively conveyed, “Hey, I’m one of you.”

He further established his credibility by stating, “Believe me for mine honor.” With this, Brutus asserted that the audience should trust and believe him due to his established reputation as an honorable person.

In essence, Brutus utilized Ethos in his speech to tell his audience, “Believe me...I’m a good guy, I’m one of you.”

Logos: Appealing to Logic

Brutus posed a rhetorical question: “Would you rather that Caesar be alive and you be slaves?” He used this to logically... Continue reading "Persuasive Speeches: Brutus and Antony in Julius Caesar" »

Beowulf: An Epic Poem

Beowulf is a foundational work of English literature, an epic poem with a rich history and profound themes.

Key Characteristics of Beowulf

• Genre: Epic Poem
• Publication: Circa 11th century in England (manuscript)
• Composition: Believed to have been composed between 700 and 750 CE
• Original Language: Old English
• Oral Tradition: First told orally and passed on from poet to poet before being written down.
• Author: Anonymous
• Setting: Scandinavia
• Literary Device: Extensive use of alliteration
• Preservation: The original manuscript is preserved in the British Museum.

Core Values in Beowulf

• Courage
• Pride
• Loyalty

Significance of Beowulf

1. It is the longest poem written in Old English.
2. It is considered the first example of poetry in a European language

Joshua's Conquest of Canaan: Campaigns and Tribal Inheritance

Understanding Nefesh and Neshama in Context

The concepts of Nefesh and Neshama are often discussed in relation to the nature of life and soul, particularly in the context of the commands given during the conquest:

• Nefesh: Associated with animals; refers to the basic life force. In the context of conquest, it implies the killing of those who stood in the way.
• Neshama: Associated with humans; refers to the higher soul or spirit. In the context of conquest, it implies the command to eliminate all human inhabitants of Canaan.

Joshua's Campaigns and the Conquest of Canaan

The Book of Joshua details the Israelite conquest of the land of Canaan, led by Joshua, fulfilling the divine commands given... Continue reading "Joshua's Conquest of Canaan and Israel's Tribal Inheritance" »

Estats i Capitals Americans

Amèrica del Nord

• Canadà - Ottawa
• Estats Units - Washington DC
• Mèxic - Ciutat de Mèxic

Amèrica Central i el Carib

• Antigua i Barbuda - Saint John's
• Bahames - Nassau
• Barbados - Bridgetown
• Belize - Belmopan
• Costa Rica - San José
• Cuba - L'Havana
• Dominica - Roseau
• El Salvador - San Salvador
• Grenada - Saint George's
• Guatemala - Guatemala
• Haití - Port-au-Prince
• Hondures - Tegucigalpa
• Jamaica - Kingston
• Nicaragua - Managua
• Panamà - Panamà
• República Dominicana - Santo Domingo
• Saint Kitts i Nevis - Basseterre
• Saint Lucia - Castries
• Saint Vincent i Grenadines - Kingstown
• Trinitat i Tobago - Port-of-Spain

Amèrica del Sud

• Argentina - Buenos Aires
• Bolívia - Sucre
• Brasil - Brasília
• Xile - Santiago
• Colòmbia - Bogotà
• Equador - Quito
• Guyana - Georgetown
• Paraguai

Key Characteristics of Modernist Novels

The literary works of the early 20th century often feature a deeply poetic tone and profound philosophical connotations. These elements are central to understanding the innovative approaches of authors like James Joyce, Katherine Mansfield, and Virginia Woolf.

James Joyce: Irish Modernist Pioneer

Born in Dublin in 1882 and passing away in Zurich in 1941, James Joyce was an influential Irish Catholic (Jesuit-educated) novelist and poet. His works are deeply shaped by two fundamental components: his Jesuit upbringing and the city of Dublin, both of which he sought to escape. He lived abroad in Trieste, Paris, and Zurich.

Notable Works by James Joyce

• Dubliners (1914): A collection of 15 poignant sketches depicting

The Founding of Rome: Between Myth and Reality

The traditional date for the founding of the greatest city of the Western world was the product of guesswork by Roman writers of the late centuries BC, working backward from their own time. There were reports of kings of Rome in the early days before the last of them, Tarquin the Proud, was expelled and the Roman Republic was founded, which was believed to have happened in 510 BC. Allowing for the reigns of Tarquin's predecessors carried the calculation back some two to three hundred years. After ranging shots by various writers, the author Varro, greatly respected for his learning in the first century BC, settled on the year 753 BC, which became the accepted, official date. All subsequent dates... Continue reading "Ancient Rome's Founding: Myths and History" »

20th-Century British Novelists and Writers

To the present day. Narrative: the utopian novel.

Aldous Huxley

He was born into a well-known family of scientists and writers. He was educated at Eton and Oxford. He suffered personal tragedies, including near blindness at the age of 16. He worked as a journalist and lived in France and Italy. He died in 1937 in California. His style is cynical and hopeless. He uses a precise, satirical, brilliant, and intelligent language, with wit and confidence.

Works:

• Short stories: Limbo
• Essays: essayist who writes novels
• Poetry: Leda
• Travel book: Beyond the Mexique Bay
• Novels: Crome Yellow

George Orwell

His real name is Eric A. Blair. He was born in India and studied at Eton. He worked as a journalist; he came to Spain... Continue reading "Classic 20th-Century British Novelists and Their Works" »

Coleridge centered on the ideal of Romanticism, representing the self.

• Description of the supernatural
• Individuality represented by dreams

These poets embody the movement in literary terms. For Coleridge, poetry is the exponent of Romanticism and is represented as the priority of English literature (a cultural interpretation). The poets consider themselves a kind of leader who helps to understand society. The poet is the one who teaches and guides, leading others to the truth.

Poetry explains to people how the world works. It is a vital way of teaching. Every poet interprets Romanticism in a very different way. The Romantic elements are seen from different points of view as they structure their Romanticism. Wordsworth and Coleridge use very different... Continue reading "Coleridge and Wordsworth: Romanticism, Language, and Imagination" »