Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

The Author's Position

The author often narrates the work from within, containing the story of the victim, with the narrator participating as a protagonist, secondary character, or simply a witness.

The Narrative Time

The chronological disorder is one of the structural features of this great 20th-century novel. The action is divided into five chapters, and the events span from 5:30 a.m. until 7:00 a.m. on a Monday morning in February, when the action occurs. The narrative covers a day of hard work (referring to the investigation and recollection of events).

Key Characters

Santiago Nasar

• Of Arabic descent, wealthy, with a farm and a good inheritance.
• The unique and pampered son of his father, obsessively concerned about his personal image.
• Wears linen

The Classical Age of English Literature

The Eighteenth Century in England is called the Classical Age or the Augustan Age in literature. It is also called the Age of Good Sense or the Age of Reason. John Dryden belonged to the seventeenth century, but he was also included in the Classical or Augustan Age. Other great literary figures who dominated this age successively were Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson.

The Three Periods of the Classical Age

The Classical Age is divided into three distinct periods: the Ages of Dryden, Pope, and Johnson.

The Age of Dryden and the Restoration

Dryden was the dominating and most representative literary figure of the Dryden Age. The literature of the Restoration Period emphasized directness and simplicity of expression,... Continue reading "The Classical Age: 18th Century English Literature" »

Christopher Columbus and the Voyages to the Americas

While the Portuguese reached India and China by sailing south and east, Christopher Columbus sought to reach India by sailing west into the Atlantic Ocean. King John II of Portugal refused to finance the expedition, so Columbus petitioned the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. After conquering the Kingdom of Granada, they finally agreed to fund his voyage.

Columbus set sail on three ships: the Pinta, the Niña, and the Santa María. On 12 October 1492, they sighted land, and Columbus mistakenly believed he had arrived in Japan. He returned to Seville with gold and indigenous people to prove his success.

In 1493, Columbus returned to the Americas. The Spanish defeated opposing tribes and took many slaves,... Continue reading "Christopher Columbus and Pre-Columbian Civilizations" »

Extremos locales

Definición. Sea f : C → R una función definida en un abierto C ⊆ R n. -Diremos que el punto a ∈ C es un máximo relativo (local) estricto de f si f (a) > f (x) para todo x perteneciente a un entorno reducido de a en C. -Diremos que el punto a ∈ C es un mínimo relativo (local) estricto de f si f (a) < f (x) para todo x perteneciente a un entorno reducido de a en C. -Diremos que el punto a ∈ C es un máximo relativo (local) de f si f (a) > f (x) para todo x perteneciente a un entorno de a en C. -Diremos que el punto a ∈ C es un mínimo relativo (local) de f si f (a) ≤ f (x) para todo x perteneciente a un entorno de a en C. A estos máximos y mínimos los llamaremos extremos locales de f en C.

Extremos

Unit 10: English Spelling and Phonology

Index:

• English Spelling
• Orthographic Codes in EFL (Rules)
• Sound-Grapheme Relationships: Vowels, Consonants, Silent Letters
• Teaching the Written Code
• Games and Tasks

1. English Spelling

Study of language from two perspectives:

• Diachronic: Study of language over time.
• Synchronic: Study over a specific period in history.

English is the result of the influence of different languages: French, Greek, Latin, Anglo-Saxon (Latin alphabet).

The Great Vowel Shift was a massive change affecting long vowels in the 15th-18th centuries.

Examples: 'enquiry' vs. 'inquiry', American English 'colour' vs. 'color'.

2. Orthographic Codes in EFL (Rules)

Requires good visual memory and the ability to associate forms and meanings.

Rules:

• Consonant

Rhetorical Appeals in Julius Caesar

Brutus's Use of Rhetoric

Ethos: Establishing Credibility

Brutus spoke in prose, not blank verse. This was the everyday language of the common people. By speaking this way, Brutus effectively conveyed, “Hey, I’m one of you.”

He further established his credibility by stating, “Believe me for mine honor.” With this, Brutus asserted that the audience should trust and believe him due to his established reputation as an honorable person.

In essence, Brutus utilized Ethos in his speech to tell his audience, “Believe me...I’m a good guy, I’m one of you.”

Logos: Appealing to Logic

Brutus posed a rhetorical question: “Would you rather that Caesar be alive and you be slaves?” He used this to logically... Continue reading "Persuasive Speeches: Brutus and Antony in Julius Caesar" »

Beowulf: An Epic Poem

Beowulf is a foundational work of English literature, an epic poem with a rich history and profound themes.

Key Characteristics of Beowulf

• Genre: Epic Poem
• Publication: Circa 11th century in England (manuscript)
• Composition: Believed to have been composed between 700 and 750 CE
• Original Language: Old English
• Oral Tradition: First told orally and passed on from poet to poet before being written down.
• Author: Anonymous
• Setting: Scandinavia
• Literary Device: Extensive use of alliteration
• Preservation: The original manuscript is preserved in the British Museum.

Core Values in Beowulf

• Courage
• Pride
• Loyalty

Significance of Beowulf

1. It is the longest poem written in Old English.
2. It is considered the first example of poetry in a European language

Joshua's Conquest of Canaan: Campaigns and Tribal Inheritance

Understanding Nefesh and Neshama in Context

The concepts of Nefesh and Neshama are often discussed in relation to the nature of life and soul, particularly in the context of the commands given during the conquest:

• Nefesh: Associated with animals; refers to the basic life force. In the context of conquest, it implies the killing of those who stood in the way.
• Neshama: Associated with humans; refers to the higher soul or spirit. In the context of conquest, it implies the command to eliminate all human inhabitants of Canaan.

Joshua's Campaigns and the Conquest of Canaan

The Book of Joshua details the Israelite conquest of the land of Canaan, led by Joshua, fulfilling the divine commands given... Continue reading "Joshua's Conquest of Canaan and Israel's Tribal Inheritance" »

Estats i Capitals Americans

Amèrica del Nord

• Canadà - Ottawa
• Estats Units - Washington DC
• Mèxic - Ciutat de Mèxic

Amèrica Central i el Carib

• Antigua i Barbuda - Saint John's
• Bahames - Nassau
• Barbados - Bridgetown
• Belize - Belmopan
• Costa Rica - San José
• Cuba - L'Havana
• Dominica - Roseau
• El Salvador - San Salvador
• Grenada - Saint George's
• Guatemala - Guatemala
• Haití - Port-au-Prince
• Hondures - Tegucigalpa
• Jamaica - Kingston
• Nicaragua - Managua
• Panamà - Panamà
• República Dominicana - Santo Domingo
• Saint Kitts i Nevis - Basseterre
• Saint Lucia - Castries
• Saint Vincent i Grenadines - Kingstown
• Trinitat i Tobago - Port-of-Spain

Amèrica del Sud

• Argentina - Buenos Aires
• Bolívia - Sucre
• Brasil - Brasília
• Xile - Santiago
• Colòmbia - Bogotà
• Equador - Quito
• Guyana - Georgetown
• Paraguai