Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

The Rise of Al-Andalus: Islamic Spain (711–1031)

The Muslims called the territory they controlled on the peninsula, Al-Andalus. This territory became a province, or emirate, of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus. The capital of the emirate was Córdoba. When the Abbasids of Baghdad took over from the Umayyads, the only Umayyad survivor, Abd ar-Rahman I, came to Al-Andalus. He declared himself an emir over the Independent Emirate.

The Fragmentation of Al-Andalus and the Taifa Kingdoms

In 912, Abd ar-Rahman III became emir. He governed very well and declared himself Caliph of Al-Andalus. He had absolute power. The Caliphate of Córdoba was formed, and a golden age began.

After 1008, the Caliphate of Córdoba was no longer unified. Al-Andalus was... Continue reading "The Rise and Fall of Al-Andalus: Islamic Spain History" »

Literature: The Building of America

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

• He was one of America's greatest poets.
• He was born in Portland, Maine, and lived near the coast.
• The Battle of Lovell's Pond was his first poem.
• He graduated from Bowdoin College and later worked there as a teacher; he also traveled through Europe.
• He married Mary Potter, but she died.
• He later married Frances Appleton, and they had six children. She subsequently died when her dress caught on fire.
• He translated Dante's Divine Comedy.
• He was received by Queen Victoria.
• His topics were based on the history of America, family, translations, teaching, and philosophy.
• He was the author of The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls, The Children's Hour, The Cross of Snow, and A Psalm of Life.
• His work is characterized

What is Parallelism?

Parallelism is a rhetorical device that involves repeating a grammatical structure.

How Did Dr. King Define Just Laws?

Dr. King defined just laws as laws made by a majority that apply to everyone and that respect human dignity.

How Does King View Time?

King views time as a neutral force that must be used proactively to create change.

Why Was King Arrested?

King was arrested for violating a moratorium on demonstrations.

What Did King Think About Being Told to Wait for His Rights?

King believed that African Americans had already waited almost 400 years for their rights and that no rights had ever been gained without demanding them.

What Does Retaliate Mean?

Retaliate means to make an attack in return for a similar attack.

Was Dr. King'

Understanding Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes

Prefixes

Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Here are some common prefixes:

1. Anti-, Counter-, Contra-: Opposed to, against
2. Bi-: Having two
3. Circum-: Around, about
4. Com-, Con-, Col-, Cor-: With, together
5. En-: To change to
6. Ex-: Former, previous
7. In-, Im-, Il-, Ir-, Un-: Not, not having, lacking
8. Non-: Not, lacking
9. Per-: All over, very
10. Pre-: Before
11. Trans-: Across, beyond, through
12. Uni-: Single, one
13. Ab-: Away, from
14. Ad-: Motion to, increase in
15. De-: Down, away
16. In-, Im-: In, into
17. Inter-: Between
18. Mis-: Wrong, wrongly
19. Post-: After
20. Pro-: Favoring, forward, for
21. Re-: Again, back
22. Semi-: Half, partly
23. Sub-: Less, beneath, somewhat, later
24. Super-: Over, above, beyond

Roots

Roots are the core of a word, carrying the... Continue reading "Essential Guide to Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes" »

The Founding of Rome: Legend and History

• Legendary Account: According to the legend, Rome was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus, born of the union between Mars, god of war, and the daughter of an Etruscan king. They were raised by wolves. As adults, the two brothers had an argument which ended in Romulus' defeat of Remus and the subsequent founding of Rome.
• Historical Account: According to historians, the Etruscans and Latins founded the city in a strategic location near the sea. The Tiber River flows through the area, and there are a number of hills providing natural defense.

The Roman Monarchy (753–509 BC)

From the founding of the city until the 5th century BC, Rome took the form of a city-state ruled by kings (including Sabine and... Continue reading "Ancient Rome: History, Government, and Social Structure" »

Deadlock

A complete failure to reach agreement or solve an argument.

The Case of Boom Boom's Death

1. Boom Boom was an injured hockey player working for Eudora Grain Company; he was found dead.
2. A ship was tied up at the wharf, and Boom Boom went under as she pulled away. His body was badly chewed up (p. 2).
3. Why couldn’t the Lucella Wieser take on grain from Eudora’s wharf?
   Someone put water in the holds, and they had to dry them out (page 11).
4. Eudora’s manager is Clayton Phillips.
5. Niels Grafalk and Martin were a clever businessman who used to work for Niels, but he left. Niels finds it impossible to accept Martin’s departure.

Vic's Investigation Begins

6. Vic returns to Boom Boom’s apartment. Someone had torn the place apart, and the watchman was

Verb Tenses and Time Expressions

• Past Perfect: Used for actions before another past action (by the time + past simple).
• Past Continuous: Used for actions in progress (during/while).
• Present Perfect: Used for duration (since/for/how long).
• Key Structures:
  • It is + time + since + past simple.
  • Present perfect negative + for + time.
  • Subject + last + past simple + time + ago.
  • The last time + past simple + was + time + ago.
  • "He has never smoked before" becomes "This is the first time he has smoked."

Connectors and Reported Speech

Connectors

Though, despite, and in spite of + the fact that.

Reported Speech

• Tense Shifts: Past continuous becomes past perfect continuous (had been + -ing); present perfect becomes past perfect.
• Time/Pronoun Shifts: Now to then, yesterday