Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

Romanticism: Cultural and Artistic Movement

Romanticism was a cultural and artistic movement that was established from 1830 to 1855, although it actually lasted until 1875. It is often characterized as a century of darkness and unreason, dwelling heavily on pessimism.

Key Characteristics of Romanticism

All features of the movement are based on dissatisfaction and a rejection of rationalism:

• Individualism
• Subjectivism
• Sentimentality
• Irrationalism
• Freedom (especially creative freedom)
• Nature
• Ruin
• Flight (escape in time and space, often through fantasy)

Romantic Literary Genres and Authors

Romantic Poetry

• Espronceda: Author of The Devil's World. He is representative of romantic poetry, a romantic who wants to change the times and seeks a better future.
• Bécquer:

The Editorial: An Argumentative Text

The editorial is an argumentative text type. The reader knows the valuation the paper makes of a fact as important. Its key features include:

• Authorship: It is an unsigned text showing the opinions of the paper on the topics to be published.
• Theme: It must cover current and relevant topics affecting politics, the economy, or society.
• Function: It places the issue, provides relevant data, makes judgments, and predicts a possible future.
• Situation: It appears in a prominent place in the opinion section of a media outlet.

Criticism of the Press

Criticism of the press is a signed text in which the reporter shows their opinion on a film, an exhibition, a concert, or similar events.

Advertising and Persuasion

Advertising... Continue reading "Journalistic Writing Styles and Advertising Strategies" »

Understanding Language Functions

• Referential (Representative): Focuses on the context, conveying objective information about reality.
• Expressive (Emotive): Focuses on the sender, expressing emotions, attitudes, or subjective feelings.
• Conative (Appellative): Focuses on the receiver, aiming to influence or elicit a response from them.
• Phatic: Focuses on the communication channel, used to establish, maintain, or close communication (e.g., social greetings).
• Metalinguistic: Focuses on the code itself, using language to talk about language.
• Poetic: Focuses on the message for its own sake, emphasizing aesthetic or artistic qualities of the language.

Spanish Language Varieties and Dialects

Castilian Spanish: First appearances in the Glosas Emilianenses (... Continue reading "Linguistic Concepts and Literary Forms Explained" »

The predominance of subjectivity is manifest in the modalization, a trait related to the presence of the author in the text. This is characteristic of opinion articles, as in our case, because the essay writer expresses their judgments and views on the subject being treated. This imparts a moralizing value that affects the valuation of the content.

The presence of the author is presented through different procedures. Highlight the following:

1. Sentence Details

These allow us to distinguish the various attitudes of the issuer and appreciate:

• Exclamatory sentences (showing the high degree of emotionality of the author, reflecting his emotions. Interjections): "---"
• Interrogative sentences (seeking a response from the recipient, indicating a desire

Analysis of Opinion Journalism Articles

We are examining a text of opinion journalism, specifically belonging to the genre known as the article. This genre is characterized by the inherent subjectivity and freedom afforded to the writer. The text is expository-argumentative in nature, often employing language close to humanistic discourse.

Characteristics of the Article Genre

The central theme of the article is [Theme context missing].

Unlike the editorial, the article is signed by its author, which immediately establishes the personal and subjective tone that defines this subgenre. In this specific text, this subjectivity is highlighted by:

• The continued use of the first-person verbal perspective [Examples missing].
• The use of connotative lexicon

Reading is important for the creation of autonomous thinkers.

The Importance of Reading for Autonomous Thinkers

Why Read? Defining the Act of Reading

Reading is the action through which we distinguish, interpret, and understand a message conveyed figuratively through graphic signs. It encompasses interpreting painting, reading pictures, musical scores, and more.

It is a complex individual and social activity that simultaneously utilizes five different and complementary mental processes:

• Neurological/Physical: The physical act of processing text.
• Cognitive: Intelligence and understanding.
• Emotional: Empathy and feeling.
• Argumentative: Justice, reason, and sense.
• Cultural: Influences derived from society.

Reading is important because it actively engages... Continue reading "Fostering Literacy: Developing Autonomous Thinkers Through Reading" »

Jorge Manrique's Verses on His Father's Death

Verses on the Death of His Father Jorge Manrique is an elegy in which the painful experience of the disappearance of Rodrigo Manrique leads the poet to meditate on death. The couplets are placed within a long stream of literature that addresses the issue of death. Away from the coldness and the ornate cultist scholarship, such poems reflected the preoccupation with death and have a macabre vision of it that causes fear. It contains a number of ideas for consideration by the world as vanity: vanity, contempt of earthly life, the convention of the ubi sunt, the instability of fortune, and the relentless presence of death. The only lyrics are verses of the poem of the 16th to 24th. The couplets are... Continue reading "Analysis of Jorge Manrique's Poetry and Celestina's World" »

Fire Extinguisher Placement and Maintenance

Extinguishers must be located on every floor, adjacent to exits, and near areas of greatest risk. The maximum distance between them should be 15 meters, ensuring quick and easy access. They should be star-marked and protected, especially if installed outdoors. Annual maintenance is mandatory.

Anti-Fire Regulations

Regulations are governed by the CIE Technical Building Code and RSCIEI (for industrial hydrants).

Industrial Hydrant Systems (BIE)

The manual fire fighting compound (BIE) consists of:

• Water supply (undertaken, independent of the normal water supply).
• Network distribution.
• Fire hydrants equipped with: C1 valve, C2 hose, and C3 nozzles.

Types of Hoses (BIE)

There are two types of hoses:

BIE25

• Length:

Interpretative Journalism

The News

Objective stories without comment or intervention of the issuer (impersonal), novel facts or events of general interest. Narrative. Variable length, short or long.

Structure

• Body of Headlines: Minor (title only) and highest (pre-title or subtitle). Summarize objectively.
• Input: The first paragraph, the key event. The 6 Ws, six questions to which the first paragraph has to answer. Sometimes highlighted with capital letters.
• Body of the News: Data development. Can take two forms:
  • Inverted Pyramid Structure: Data or ideas in order of importance, 1 being the most interesting.
  • Chronological Narrative: Progress chronologically from the beginning to the end.
  • Mixed Story: Mixture of the above.

The Feature

Broad, informative,... Continue reading "Journalism Genres: News, Opinion, and Hybrid Forms" »

Definition of Literary Arts

Literary manifestation is an art whose raw materials are the units of language. The writer manipulates these units to produce an aesthetic and emotional effect on the receiver. In other words, it includes texts that have been developed with an artistic intention.

Defining Elements of Literature

• Fiction: Refers to the peculiar relationship that literary works have with reality, verisimilitude.
• Aesthetic language: Used for creating impressions and emotions in the reader.

Functions of Literature

• Diversion/Entertainment: Reading is one of the usual distractions for many people.
• Transmission of Ideas/Didactic: Throughout history, literature has transmitted many ideas and has served speculative thought for improving society.
• Cause