Media, Language, and Literature: Key Concepts

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Media and its Functions

Media refers to systems through which information is transmitted. Their primary functions are to inform and entertain. They also shape opinions.

Adjectives

Adjectives describe circumstances, properties, or states. They clarify and limit the extension of a noun.

  • Possessive Adjectives: These words express ownership, e.g., mine, yours.
  • Demonstrative Adjectives: These are used to point out something, adding a notional element, e.g., this, that.
  • Indefinite Adjectives: These words refer vaguely to quantity, e.g., some, any.

Role of the Press

  • Reporting: The primary function of journalism is to inform readers objectively and truthfully.
  • Opinion: The second function is to express opinions and contribute to forming the reader's opinion.

Types of Journalistic Genres

  • News: News and features report facts objectively and soberly.
  • Mixed: Chronicles and critiques provide information but also offer opinions.
  • Opinion: Editorials and articles analyze a particular subject.

Language of Journalism

The language of journalism aims to capture and maintain the reader's interest.

Literature: An Artistic Expression

Literature is a form of artistic expression that uses spoken or written language as its medium.

Verse vs. Prose

  • Verse: A form of composition that aims to create certain feelings, often with a rhythmic structure.
  • Prose: Generally lacks the characteristic pace of verse.
  • Stanza: Groupings of verses that follow a fixed pattern.
  • Poem: A text written in verse.

Literary Genres

Literary genres are categories that allow us to group literary texts with common features.

  • Epic: A narrator recounts the actions of a character.
  • Lyrical: The author's voice is central.
  • Dramatic: Actions are developed by the characters.

Epic Genre

  • Epic Poem: A long narrative poem recounting facts related to mythical origins.
  • Novel: An extended prose narrative in which the actions of a character are recounted.

Lyrical Genre

  • Song: A composition with a very marked rhythm.
  • Elegy: A sad composition.
  • Ode: Characterized by its elevated tone.

Drama

  • Tragedy: Heroic characters face adverse situations.
  • Comedy: Ordinary people face everyday situations.

Literary Devices

  • Epithet: An adjective that reiterates a quality inherent to the noun, e.g., the green grass.
  • Polysyndeton: The repetition of conjunctions, typically "and".
  • Asyndeton: Omission of conjunctions, e.g., go, help, fly.
  • Anaphora: The repetition of the first word, e.g., early... early.
  • Alliteration: The repetition of sounds, often "s".
  • Metaphor: A figure of speech that makes an implicit comparison, e.g., clouds are like cotton.

Grammar Essentials

Pronouns

Pronouns are variable words that can designate the speaker.

Lexical vs. Grammatical Meaning

  • Lexical Meaning: Words that describe concepts and attributes, typical of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs.
  • Grammatical Meaning: Words that relate linguistic elements, typical of prepositions, conjunctions, and articles.

Impersonal Sentences

Impersonal sentences do not have a lexical subject.

Periphrasis

A periphrasis is a group consisting of a simple or compound verb form and a non-finite verb form.

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