Reflexive Pronouns and Sentence Structures in Spanish

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Reflexive Pronouns (Me, Te, Se, Nos, Os, Se)

A. With Function (Direct Object / Indirect Object)

  • Reflexive: The action reflects back on the subject. Example: "They wash themselves" - Direct Object
  • Interactive: The action is performed reciprocally between subjects. Example: "They kiss each other" - Direct Object
  • Allomorph of "you": Another form of "you" when a direct object pronoun is already present. Example: "He said to me" - "I" (Indirect Object) - Direct Object
  • Ethical Dative: Emphasizes the sentence; can be removed. It functions as an Indirect Object. Example: "You eat three meals." "Three-course meal" - Indirect Object

B. Without a Grammatical Function (Accompanying the Verb)

  • Subject Override (3rd person singular): Example: "One lives well in Spain" - Impersonal
  • Reflexive Passive: Has a subject, but the subject is the patient (the one receiving the action). The number is changed to reflect the subject. Examples: "Photocopies are made"; "There is a view" - Marked Passive Reflexive
  • Expletive (Pronominal): The "se" is required and cannot be omitted. Examples: "To commit suicide"; "To repent" - "I commit suicide" - "Pronominal"
  • Income: When "se" is part of a verb in a prepositional phrase, it changes the verb's meaning. Example: "Agree" (Direct Object) vs. "Remember something" (Prepositional Phrase)

Coordinate Compound Sentences

  • Copulative: and, e, ni, together with, as well as, besides - SUMMATION (The meaning of one sentence is added to the others)
  • Disjunctive: or, u, or else - EXCLUSION (If one proposition is true, the other is false)
  • Adversative: but, yet, however, nevertheless, rather, otherwise, etc. - OPPOSITION (What is said in one statement wholly or partly contradicts the other)
  • Distributive: either...or, now...now, sometimes...sometimes, one...another, this one...that one - ALTERNATION (The propositions express alternating actions that are not mutually exclusive)
  • Explicative: that is, i.e., namely - EXPLANATION (One proposition explains the meaning of the other)

Subordinate Clauses

A. Proper Subordinate Clauses

  • Time: then - Adverbial Clause of Time
  • Place: there - Adverbial Clause of Place
  • Manner: thus - Adverbial Clause of Manner

B. Improper Subordinate Clauses

  • Conditional: Affects the entire sentence and expresses a condition for the main clause. (if, that)
  • Concessive: Affects the entire sentence and expresses an objection to the main action. (although, even if, however)
  • Final: Affects the entire sentence. Answers "What for?" and expresses the purpose of the action.
  • Causal: Affects the entire sentence. Answers "Why?" and explains the cause or reason for the action.
  • Comparative: Adjacent to an intensifier. Expresses a comparison.
  • Consecutive: Adjacent to an intensifier. Affects the entire sentence. Expresses the consequence of the main action.

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