Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

Substantive Clauses

Substantive clauses can function as the main verb. They can often be substituted by "what."

Example: "I told him to come right away."

Substantive Complement Indirect (CI)

Functions as the verb of the main proposition. Can be pronominalized (le).

Example: "Give this letter to whoever is reading."

Substantive Direct Complement (DC)

Functions as the verb of the main proposition.

Example: "He did it without anyone knowing."

Substantive of Prepositional Phrase (C. Scheme)

Functions as a complement of the verb in the main proposition. It is often preceded by a preposition, with or without a following conjunction.

Example: "Trust those who care about you."

Substantive of Attribute

Functions as an attribute in the main proposition, typically... Continue reading "Substantive, Adjective, and Adverbial Clauses" »

Process of Structural Engineering

The construction of structures, such as bridges, roads, buildings, dams, and stadiums, requires careful consideration of various factors. Engineers must propose the most convenient criteria, ensuring the structure is functional, strong, durable, and economical, while also considering environmental and aesthetic aspects. The realization of a work begins with stating the problem and ends with execution, following this order:

1. Planning: This stage involves examining the program, analyzing needs and resources, and establishing the general approach to construction.
2. Project: This stage proposes the general geometry and distribution, including the structural system, according to the services the structure will provide

1. Time

Antonio Machado identified himself as a "poet of time," understanding time not as an abstract concept but as something living and personal. It is the limited, individual history of each person, which exists and passes, yet remains in memory. Within memory, personal boundaries and anecdotes blur, leaving behind universal, refined sentiment. The poet expresses a keen sensitivity to time, facing the fatal passage of hours and days.

Symbols of Time:

• Water: The flow of a river symbolizes the passage of time and, consequently, inner life. However, water can also represent death.
• Afternoon: Expresses a melancholy feeling, a spiritual voice.
• Roads: Symbols of life or associated with it. When depicted in a poem, the road often blurs, clearing into

This is an argumentative-expository text where the author presents a claim and argues their opinion.

Regarding adequacy, the author aims to inform readers of their findings on (...), specifically on (...); thus, the informative function is predominant. However, as common in such texts, the argument serves a secondary purpose: guiding the reader's opinion, adding a persuasive function.

The intended audience is clearly journalistic, as the text is for publication (... in a newspaper, in this case, the newspaper "..."). It's a (...) (article/editorial/letter to the editor = opinion; news/feature/interview = news genre; chronicle/critical = hybrid genre), typical of argumentative expository journalistic texts that address current issues. This was... Continue reading "Analysis of an Argumentative-Expository Text" »

Characteristics of the Realist Novel

European realist novels showcase a great variety, yet share common features reflecting new literary principles.

• Bourgeois Movement: Realism is a bourgeois literary movement, rooted in practicality and progress. Unlike romantic authors, realist novelists are ordinary citizens committed to reflecting their society's everyday problems and conflicts.
• Focus on Contemporary Reality: The story centers on contemporary life, aiming to provide a comprehensive picture of social life, customs, and ideas. Realistic novels depict scenes from streets, markets, factories, gatherings, cafes, and casinos. Protagonists are ordinary people, not heroes.
• Striving for Objectivity: Writers aim to be reporters, photographers, and faithful

ICT's Impact on Business Innovation

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have driven significant advances that reshape how businesses operate and innovate. Key developments include:

• Computers: A Business Revolution

  The rapid advancement of computer technology has revolutionized daily life and fundamentally changed business operations. Today, it is almost unthinkable for any company, regardless of size, not to utilize computers. This adoption leads to significant savings in both money and time, and the use of advanced software serves as a powerful competitive weapon for many organizations.

• The Internet: Information and Opportunity

  The internet revolution provides an impressive amount of information. The challenge for businesses lies in

means of "you" or a number of nicknames: "hilarious ladies, dear ladies, young ladies, young valuable..."

The Youth:

• Their meeting
• Their decisions
• Their adventures

It is a well-defined framework, characters, scenario, historical time.

Narrative Planes:

• The 'own stories, each with its own characteristics. The first two planes are related by the main narrator, but from different functions.
• In the foreground, the first-person narrator fully identifies with the author and has no narrative function, but expository or argumentative: Boccaccio not "tells", but reflects and expresses his ideology, world view, and value of literature itself.
• In the second, an omniscient third-person voice acts as narrator. This map is dotted with the first interference, as comments

Item 8: Language and Art

1. The Sign and its Components

A sign is anything that represents and communicates something. This includes all signs that humans use, such as language, art, and mathematics. Linguistic signs can be differentiated into:

• A signifier: the "perceptible" part of the sign, whether sounds (phonemes) or graphics (letters).
• A meaning: what the sign represents. This meaning can be an object (referent) or a "mental concept."

2. Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics: Parts of Language

• Syntax examines combinations of signifiers.
• Semantics focuses on the study of the meaning of linguistic signs.
• Pragmatics is concerned with the use of language in terms of the relationship established between utterance, context, and actors. It analyzes how speakers

Communication is a process whereby the issuer prepares and transmits a message, which is then received and decoded by a receiver.

Elements of communication: the code, the channel, the transmitter, and the receiver context.

Feedback: Feedback is the response or reaction of the receiver to the message sent by the transmitter.

Interaction: Reciprocal activity between two or more people.

Group Discussion Techniques

Phillips 66 is a technique where six people discuss a particular issue, exchanging views on a subject for a maximum of six minutes.

Features:

• 1. Presence of a moderator, who leads and guides the discussion, ensuring that ideas relate to the topic.
• 2. A topic is chosen on which participants agree, and this is presented by the moderator.
• 3. Each

Cultural Identity

A sense of belonging to a group with which one shares ideas, customs, language, etc., transmitted from generation to generation.

Integration

The participation and identification of immigrants with the host country without losing their specific cultural characteristics.

Citizenship

Being a citizen means not just being part of society, but actively participating in the life of society, enjoying equal rights and complying with certain obligations.

Advertising

A communication technique that encourages consumers to buy products or services of a particular brand.

Consumer Law

Consumers have a number of rights as enshrined in Article 51:

• Right to protection of health and security: Products that pose a health risk cannot be sold, and if there