Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

Interpretative Journalism

The News

Objective stories without comment or intervention of the issuer (impersonal), novel facts or events of general interest. Narrative. Variable length, short or long.

Structure

• Body of Headlines: Minor (title only) and highest (pre-title or subtitle). Summarize objectively.
• Input: The first paragraph, the key event. The 6 Ws, six questions to which the first paragraph has to answer. Sometimes highlighted with capital letters.
• Body of the News: Data development. Can take two forms:
  • Inverted Pyramid Structure: Data or ideas in order of importance, 1 being the most interesting.
  • Chronological Narrative: Progress chronologically from the beginning to the end.
  • Mixed Story: Mixture of the above.

The Feature

Broad, informative,... Continue reading "Journalism Genres: News, Opinion, and Hybrid Forms" »

Definition of Literary Arts

Literary manifestation is an art whose raw materials are the units of language. The writer manipulates these units to produce an aesthetic and emotional effect on the receiver. In other words, it includes texts that have been developed with an artistic intention.

Defining Elements of Literature

• Fiction: Refers to the peculiar relationship that literary works have with reality, verisimilitude.
• Aesthetic language: Used for creating impressions and emotions in the reader.

Functions of Literature

• Diversion/Entertainment: Reading is one of the usual distractions for many people.
• Transmission of Ideas/Didactic: Throughout history, literature has transmitted many ideas and has served speculative thought for improving society.
• Cause

Brand Identity and Company Image

A company's design reflects its technical and economic philosophy, and its image reveals its character and defines its mentality. The designer acts as the company's philosopher, visualizing its essence and highlighting its differentiating attributes within a consistent visual management system. Effective communication sets a company apart from the competition, leading to market gains.

Creative Design Process

To achieve a design solution, we'll follow Bruno Munari's problem-solving approach:

1. Problem Definition
2. Problem Elements
3. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis
5. Creativity
6. Materials & Technology
7. Experimentation
8. Models
9. Verification
10. Construction Drawings
11. Solution

Defining Identity

Identity encompasses the unique and non-transferable... Continue reading "Company Branding and Visual Identity" »

Life and Work of Antonio Machado

• Location
  Antonio Machado was born in Seville in 1875. He spent his youth in Madrid and studied at the Free Institution of Education. After a stay in Paris, he spent five years in Soria as a French teacher at the Institute. There, he discovered and identified with the Castilian landscape. He married Leonor there, and she died at a young age. He then moved to Baeza, Segovia, and finally Madrid. When the Republican army was defeated, he moved to France and died in Collioure, a small town near the Spanish border, in 1939.

Campos de Castilla (1912) signifies an encounter with Castile, the landscape of the highlands where he projected his state of mind and found expression in the national and historical reality of Spain.... Continue reading "Antonio Machado's Life and Poetic Inspiration in 'El Olmo Viejo'" »

• Overlap: There is no pause between two lines.
• Alliteration: Repetition of a sound or a number equal.
• Onomatopoeia: Imitation of sounds of reality.
• Similicadencia: Based resource use two or more words in a verse.
• Paronomasia: "Sold to me as sold."
• Pleonasm: Adding unnecessarily or redundant words.
• Epithet: Adjective which expresses the quality and included in the substantive.
• Ellipsis: Deleted unnecessary words.
• Asyndeton: Copulative conjunctions are deleted.
• Polysyndeton: Repeated conjunctions that are not needed.
• Anaphora: Repeat one or more words at the beginning of several lines.
• Epiphora: Repeat one or more words at the end.
• Epanadiplosis: Consists of repeating a word at the beginning and end.
• Anadiplosis: What I let go / all throw.
• Parallelism: The

Structural Characteristics of Social Networks

Size

The number of people in the network. Medium-sized networks are generally most effective.

• Minimal Networks: Less effective in situations of stress overload or long-term strain, as members may begin to avoid contact to prevent overloading or otherwise tend to become overloaded.
• Very Large Networks: At risk of inaction based on the assumption that "someone is already addressing the problem."

Factors affecting network size include migration, relocations, and the passage of time.

Density

The connection level between members, regardless of the informant.

• A medium density level supports maximum group effectiveness by allowing the collation of views.
• A high density network level promotes conformity among members.

Linguistic Terms Defined

Phrases

Phrases are combinations of words whose meaning is not equivalent to the sum of its elements. Examples include verbal (e.g., 'drinking are the winds'), nominal (e.g., 'another matter'), adjectival (e.g., 'mad'), and so on.

Proverbial Phrases

Proverbial phrases are groups of words with a unified meaning that refer to characters or events of historical or cultural tradition. Example: 'Rome was not built in one hour'.

Proverbs

Proverbs are full and independent constructs that express a thought, observation, or warning, generally with a judgmental tone. Example: 'He who rises early, God helps him'.

Features of Technical Language

• Precision and Monosemy: Each term must have a single meaning.
• Neutrality or Impersonality: No

Understanding IP Address Classes and Basic Subnetting

IP addresses are categorized into classes, each with a default subnet mask that defines its network and host portions. Let's examine examples for Class A, B, and C networks.

Class A IP Address Calculations

• IP Address: 18.120.16.250
• Default Class: Class A
• Default Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0 (or /8)
• Network Address: 18.0.0.0
• Broadcast Address: 18.255.255.255

Class B IP Address Calculations

• IP Address: 18.120.16.255
• Default Class: Class B
• Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 (or /16)
• Network Address: 18.120.0.0
• Broadcast Address: 18.120.255.255

Class C IP Address Calculations

• IP Address: 194.209.14.33
• Default Class: Class C
• Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 (or /24)
• Network Address: 194.209.14.0
• Broadcast Address: 194.

Analyzing Opinion Pieces

(Titled) ... (publication and date). Journalistic genre: Opinion subgenre. Item to be presented subjectively, allowing us to understand the author's (name) thesis.

Signed Article/Summary

Communication elements are present, though unilateral (not occurring simultaneously with the issuer's message, but when the reader receives it).

Therefore, we consider that (title text) responds to the characteristics of expository-argumentative texts. Its internal structure corresponds to the typical organization of such texts:

• Introduction: The author introduces the facts on which to display their position and the focus of the discourse.
• Conclusion: The author closes the linguistic discourse with a summary of views developed in the text

Linguistic Sign Characteristics

The following are key characteristics of linguistic signs:

1. Solidarity: The signifier (sgte) and signified (Sgdo) mutually require each other. A string without an associated Sgdo is not a linguistic sign. Conversely, a Sgdo cannot exist without a sgte. They are interdependent.
2. Arbitrariness: The connection between a signifier and its signified is unmotivated and based on agreement among users. The sequence of sounds forming the sgte has no inherent relation to the concept it evokes. Therefore, an alternative sgte could have been chosen.
3. Articulated: Linguistic signs are composed of smaller units and are divisible. Martinet described this as a double articulation:
   • Units of the 1st articulation: Signs can be divided