Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Early Francoism: The Autarky Period (1939–1959)

Francoism was a political system created by Francisco Franco.

It rejected democracy and was based on militarism, conservative Catholicism, and the unity of Spain. This early period of the regime lasted from 1939 to 1959.

Characteristics of the Regime

• All power was concentrated in Franco’s hands.
• He abolished the Constitution, elections, and Parliament.
• Political parties and trade unions were banned, except for the official party, the **Falange and JONS**.
• It was a highly centralized state.
• There was widespread persecution and violence against opponents of the regime.

Post-War Conditions and Autarky

After the Civil War, Spain was devastated. Approximately 1 million people died, and the country suffered... Continue reading "The Franco Dictatorship: History and Characteristics (1939–1975)" »

Decolonization: A Global Transformation

Decolonization was the historical process through which the Asian and African colonies of European Empires gained independence between 1945 and 1975. As a consequence, the Third World appeared, a bloc of former colonies not aligned with the US or the Soviet Union.

Causes of Decolonization

Metropolitan Causes

The causes originated both within the European empires and in the colonies.

• Increasing Awareness: European empires fought against the Axis powers for freedom and democracy and could no longer justify their colonial domination ideologically.
• Economic Factors: After the war, the metropolitan powers lacked sufficient military and economic resources to control their colonies; furthermore, it was no longer profitable.

The Rise of Mesopotamian Civilization

On the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the main urban settlements that were to play a leading role in the three millennia of Mesopotamian history emerged. The periodic overflowing of their banks irrigated and enriched the surrounding land, allowing intensive agricultural exploitation. This favored the appearance of stable settlements and their development. Cities such as Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Assur, Mari, and Babylon, among many others, arose, governed independently from a temple-palace.

Mesopotamian Society and Governance

The temple-palace organized the economy and held the political and military monopoly, as it was where the production and surplus from their economic activities were stored. Society... Continue reading "Mesopotamian Civilization: Society, Economy, Religion" »

Lenin's Foundation of Soviet Power

Lenin and Stalin were both central figures in Soviet history, shaping the course of the state's political development through authoritarian rule. Lenin, the founder of Soviet Russia, built the foundation for a centralized one-party state, justified by his interpretation of Marxism and the "dictatorship of the proletariat." He exercised political authority through the establishment of key structures like the Soviets, the Cheka (secret police), and the Red Army. Lenin used political repression, such as the Red Terror, to maintain control, and introduced War Communism followed by the New Economic Policy (NEP) to stabilize the economy. Though he centralized power, Lenin maintained a more consultative leadership... Continue reading "Lenin vs Stalin: Soviet Rule Compared" »

The Cold War: Key Policies and Events

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. Here's a look at some key events and policies:

The Truman Doctrine

Introduced in 1947 by President Harry Truman, the Truman Doctrine aimed to defend democracies against the spread of communism.

The Marshall Plan

Also introduced in 1947, the Marshall Plan was designed to help European countries rebuild their economies after World War II.

NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Established in 1949, NATO is a military alliance between the USA and Western Bloc countries.

The Warsaw Pact

Formed in 1955, the Warsaw Pact was a military alliance between the USSR and Eastern Bloc countries, including... Continue reading "Cold War: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and Key Events" »

Franco's Spain was characterized by a personal dictatorship, militarism, Catholicism, and Spanish unitary nationalism. It operated as a single-party state, with the Spanish Falange suppressing political opposition and trade unions. The country experienced a permanent division between the victors and the vanquished.

Social support for the regime came from the army, the church, the Falange, traditionalists, landowners, financiers, business owners, small and medium agricultural owners, and the middle class.

The totalitarian stage saw the establishment of a new political regime without a constitution or democratic freedoms, concentrating all power in Franco. Institutions from the Republican era were dismantled, including the 1931 Constitution with... Continue reading "Franco's Spain: Dictatorship to Economic Liberalization" »

Character & Conflict Analysis

Robinchon's Defeat by Marquis de Theremin

Question: How was Robinchon defeated by Marquis de Theremin? (4 marks)

Answer: Robinchon was defeated by the Marquis through a clever trick. The Marquis used his intelligence and experience to outwit Robinchon, exposing his lack of real knowledge and making him appear foolish in front of others. This resulted in Robinchon losing both credibility and respect.

Robinchon's Lecture at Apperville sous Bois

Question: What was the effect of Robinchon’s lecture at Apperville sous Bois? (2 marks)

Answer: Robinchon’s lecture left the audience unimpressed, leading to his humiliation.

Themes of Love & Sacrifice

Jim and Della: A Comparison to the Magi

Question: Why were Jim and Della... Continue reading "Literary & Historical Insights: Key Questions & Interpretations" »

Riba's Contribution to Poverty

Riba (usury) exacerbates poverty by exploiting people's wealth. It is a significant factor in rising prices and economic recession. Furthermore, it diminishes charitable acts and cooperation within society. From a moral standpoint, it strips human actions of their blessings. Borrowers often struggle to repay loans, ultimately leading to increased interest and indebtedness.

Risks of Accusing Chaste Women of Adultery

Accusing a chaste woman of adultery is an extremely serious offense and constitutes slander. Such accusations jeopardize her reputation and honor, leading to defamation within the community. They can also severely damage families, promote immorality, and foster animosity among people.

Benefits of Zakat

Historical Events and Figures: Key Facts

1. Connecting Historical Statements

Connect the following statements:

• 1-B
• 2-C
• 3-A

2. Leader of the Slovak Fascist State

Who led the Slovak Fascist State?

Jozef Tiso

3. Fate of Nazi Slovakia Post-War

What happened to Nazi Slovakia after the war?

After Nazi Germany was defeated, Slovakia and Czechoslovakia were restored into a unitary state again.

4. The Prague Spring: Start and End

When did the Prague Spring start and end?

Start: 5th January 1968

End: 21st August 1968

5. Nikita Khrushchev's Role

Who was Nikita Khrushchev?

He was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1953-1964. He initiated de-Stalinization, a series of political and social reforms.

6. Defining the Holocaust

What was the Holocaust? Write a definition:

The Holocaust... Continue reading "World History Facts: Key Events and Figures" »