Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Science and Technology Vocabulary

Astronomy and Space Exploration

Words

• Alien (adj/n): Extraterrestrial
• Antidepressant (n)
• Astronomer (n)
• Black Hole (n)
• Galaxy (n)
• Geologist (n)
• Gravity (n)
• Parallel Universe (n)
• Physicist (n)
• Telescope (n)

Phrases

• Remote: Lejano
• Set of Scales

Medicine and Health

Words

• Antibiotic (n)
• Cure (v)
• Disease (n): Enfermedad
• Doomed (a): Condenado
• Heal (v): Sanar
• Immune (adj)
• Implant (n/v)
• Organ Transplant (n)
• Painkiller (n): Analgesico
• Technician (n)
• Transplant (n/v)

Science Lab

Words

• Beaker (n): Vaso
• Calculator (n)
• Chemist (n)
• Experiment (n/v)
• Invent (v)
• Laboratory (n)
• Mathematician (n)
• Stuff (n): Cosa
• Test Tube (n)
• Thermometer (n)

Phrasal Verbs

• Carry out: Llevar a cabo
• Come up with: Presentar
• End up: Terminar
• Shut down: Apagar
• Take over: Tomar el control
• Turn out:

... Continue reading "Science and Technology Vocabulary: From Alien to Universe" »

The American Revolution: An Enlightenment Victory

Struggle for Independence (1775-1783)

Thirteen British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America fought for independence from Great Britain between 1775 and 1783. Key causes included:

• Ideological: Enlightenment ideals of equality and liberty formed the basis of the independence movement.
• Political: Colonists lacked representation in the British Parliament, leading to laws and taxes imposed without their consent.
• Socio-economic: The burgeoning middle-class colonists desired greater control over their commercial activities and strongly opposed taxation without representation.

The war erupted when colonists refused to pay taxes and began to arm themselves. Great Britain ordered armed forces to... Continue reading "The Age of Revolutions: Shaping Modern Nations and Society" »

Stages of 20th Century Spain

The 20th century in Spain was divided into several distinct stages:

• Crisis of the Bourbon Restoration
• The Dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera
• The Second Republic
• The Civil War
• The Francoist Dictatorship
• The Transition and Democracy

Beginning of the 20th Century in Spain

The 20th century in Spain began upon the death of Alfonso XII, who was succeeded by his wife, María Cristina de Austria. Her regency coincided with the Disaster of 1898, through which Spain lost part of its last colonies to the United States. This event generated a deep social crisis, leading to the emergence of Regenerationism movements, which advocated for a clean state without corruption.

Political Parties During Alfonso XIII's Reign

When Alfonso XIII... Continue reading "Key Events in 20th Century Spanish History" »

The Korean War: Origins of Conflict

The Korean War began following the post-World War II partition of the peninsula, which had been ruled by Japan since 1910. In 1945, Soviet and American troops occupied the territory, divided along the 38th parallel.

The Division of Korea (1945–1948)

• In North Korea, indigenous Marxists under Kim Il-sung took control with Soviet assistance and began organizing a totalitarian state.
• In South Korea, General John R. Hodge began establishing defense forces and police, moving toward a separate administration.

By the time Washington and Moscow focused on Korea, the Cold War had already set in, and the de facto partition became permanent. South and North Korean governments arose in 1948, each claiming legitimacy for... Continue reading "The Korean War: Partition, Invasion, and Global Impact" »

... Continue reading "French Revolution: Key Events, Figures, and Concepts" »

Historical Vocabulary and Definitions

Key Terms of the 18th Century

Ancient Regime

The political and social system established in Europe during the 16^th and 18^th centuries. It was overthrown in 1789 by the French Revolution.

Holy Alliance

A pact celebrated on the initiative of Alexander I of Russia, between Austria, Russia, and Prussia, signed on September 26, 1815, in Paris, following the Battle of Waterloo.

Treaty of Utrecht

A peace agreement signed in 1713 between England and France to end the War of the Spanish Succession, which began in Europe in 1701. France agreed to compensate the British fur company in North America for losses suffered during the war.

Enlightenment

A cultural movement of philosophers in 17^th and 18^th century Europe. Philosophers... Continue reading "Key Concepts of the Ancient Regime and Enlightenment Era" »

... Continue reading "FAmily matters" »

3, The cultural legacy of the feudal system: pilgrimages and crusades.

... Continue reading "The Cultural Legacy of the Feudal System: Pilgrimages and Crusades" »

Countries, Nationalities, and Languages

This table provides a list of countries, their corresponding nationalities, and the languages spoken in each country.

Country	Nationality	Language(s)
Afghanistan	Afghan	Persian - Pashto
Argentina	Argentinian	Spanish
Australia	Australian	English
Belgium	Belgian	French / Flemish
Bolivia	Bolivian	Spanish
Brazil	Brazilian	Portuguese
Cambodia	Cambodian	Cambodian
Cameroon	Cameroonian	French / English
Canada	Canadian	English / French
Chile	Chilean	Spanish
China	Chinese	Chinese
Colombia *	Colombian	Spanish
Costa Rica	Costa Rican	Spanish
Cuba	Cuban	Spanish
Denmark	Danish	Danish
Dominican Republic	Dominican	Spanish
Ecuador	Ecuadorian	Spanish
Egypt	Egyptian	Arabic
El Salvador	Salvadorian	Spanish
England	English	English
Estonia	Estonian	Estonian
Ethiopia	Ethiopian	Amharic
Finland	Finnish	Finnish
France	French	French
Germany	German	German
Ghana	Ghanaian	English
Greece	Greek	Greek
Guatemala	Guatemalan	Spanish
Haiti	Haitian	French

... Continue reading "Countries, Nationalities, and Languages Spoken List" »

Impressionism: Monet, Renoir, Degas, Rodin

Post-impressionism: Cézanne, Gaudin, Van Gogh

Fauvism: Matisse

Expressionism: Munch, Kirchner

Cubism: analytic or Synthetic. Picasso, Braque

The forms of colonial rule→ mayor imperialist power were GB and France. Soon joined by Germany, Italy, Russia, Belgium, Spain and US and Japan. Diverse forms of colonial rule: -concessions were commercial advantages, the transfer of ports and trade. -Protectors maintained their indigenous. -Governments, but the colonial strength-controlled policy, the army and exploitation of certain territories that were India and Egypt. -Colonies where territories under the sovereignty of such metropole. Position controlled strategic points. -Settler colonialism large scale settling... Continue reading "Steps to war - aggression by japan, italy and germany 1931-1939" »