Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

1.Write down four ways in which Hitler broke the Treaty of Versailles?He stopped paying WWI reparations.He built up the armed forces.He united Germany and Austria (Anschluss).He invaded Czechoslovakia

2.What was Neville Chamberlain´s main aim in his policy towards Hitler? To maintain peace.

3.How did Hitler achieve Anschluss?Nazis in Austria caused disturbances. Hitler used this to force the Austrian chancellor to resign. The Austrian Nazis then took over and invited the Germans into Austria to “restore order”.

4.Why did Britain and France agree that Germany could take over the Sudetenland?More than 50% of the population of the Sudetenland was German, so they thought Hitler’s demand was reasonable.In return.Hitler signed a statement to...

1. Introduction

• Type of Text: Primary source. A manifest; a historical and political text.

• Author: Collective (Basque political and trade union organizations in exile in France: PCE, PNV, UGT, Izquierda Republicana, ANV, Euskadi Mendigozale Batza, PSOE, ELA, Republicans, CNT).

• Addressee: Primarily all citizens of the Basque Country, and indirectly the Franco Regime. A public text.

• Objective: To reaffirm allegiance to the Republic, support the Basque Government in exile, oppose the dictatorship, and prevent the restoration of the monarchy.

• Location and Date: Published in Bayonne (France) on March 31, 1945, during early Francoism, while the Basque Government was in exile in France, a period of repression and hope for restoring the Republic in Spain

Nazi Control in Germany: The Police State

The Gestapo

The Gestapo, under Reinhard Heydrich's command, was the most feared force by ordinary German citizens. Gestapo agents had sweeping powers, including arresting citizens on suspicion and sending them to concentration camps without trial. Fear of the Gestapo led to widespread informing on each other among ordinary Germans.

The Police and Courts

The police and courts also played a role in propping up the Nazi dictatorship. High-ranking Nazis were appointed to top positions in local police forces, reporting directly to Himmler. The police engaged in political snooping in addition to their regular law and order duties, and they were instructed to ignore crimes committed by Nazi agents. The Nazis also...

Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)

Figure in the 14th century, 'father of English literature' because he went against the norm and wrote in the language of the people. Life experiences: wine merchant, royal household, spoke French, Latin, and Italian. Soldier and diplomat. Member of Parliament. Wrote the tales around 1385, wrote about all classes in the Canterbury Tales to show English society at the time. Went against tradition because he wrote in Middle English rather than French.

Hierarchy:

• Nobility (knight and squire)
• Clergy (monk, friar, parson, pardoner)
• Middle class (merchant, doctor, student, wife of bath)
• Peasants (miller, plowman, skipper)

Code of Chivalry:

A knight must be: true to his god, defender of the faith, loyal to his lord and king, true...

Reform in the Soviet Union

The Collapse of the Eastern Bloc

The Dissolution of

Fernando 7

Life in France Before the Revolution

Peasants

In the countryside, French agriculture (farming) in the 1600s was less effective and less modernized than other European countries. They used out-of-date methods and made much less profit. Almost all peasants who worked on farms couldn't read or write and worked long, brutal hours for a poor quality of life. City peasants were homeless, criminals, thieves, and prostitutes.

Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie was France's middle class. Many were businessmen and merchants. However, their ability to make a profit was severely hampered by laws and regulations. Some individuals and groups (guilds) held advantages (monopolies) over the production of certain goods.

Nobility

Noble Rank

Clergy

Christian Church

Louis XIV

George Washington

Born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, George Washington served as a general and became the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797.

Battle at Bunker Hill

The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War.

The Invasion of Quebec

On December 31, 1775, during the American Revolutionary War (1775-83), Patriot forces under Colonel Benedict Arnold (1741-1801) and General Richard Montgomery (1738-75) attempted to capture the British-occupied city of Quebec and with it win support for the American cause in Canada.

The Staten Island Peace Conference

The Staten Island Peace Conference was a brief meeting held...

The Korean War (1950-1953)

Why?

After World War II, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel. North Korea, aiming for reunification under communist rule, invaded the South.

Who?

• North Korea (supported by China and the USSR)
• South Korea (supported by the UN, primarily the USA and Great Britain)

Outcome:

The war ended in a stalemate, with the border remaining largely unchanged. The Korean War is significant as the only Cold War conflict that remains unresolved. North Korea's nuclear ambitions continue to pose a threat today.

The Vietnam War (1954-1975)

Why?

During the decolonization of French Indochina after World War II, Vietnam was divided into communist North Vietnam and capitalist South Vietnam. The possibility of South Vietnam falling to communism...

The short story “The Force of Circumstances” symbolizes the British imperialism.