Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Document Analysis: Prim Sour

Type: Article, propaganda text, and narrative/content, socio-political text.

Author: Socialists, their Bulletin La Lucha de Clases, published by socialist committees of Bilbao, Gallarta, and Ortuella (inspired by Facundo Perezagua). Introduction: La lucha de clases.

Addressed: Workers of Bizkaia (miners), but also the Government (public text).

Objective: Denounce the working conditions of miners and call for mobilization.

Location and Date: Period of the process of industrialization in Bizkaia (1896), accumulation of capital by the bourgeoisie, poor living and working conditions for workers, leading to the beginning of the labor movement.

Main Idea: Denounce the working conditions of miners and call for mobilization.... Continue reading "Miners' Struggle in Bizkaia: 1896 Industrialization" »

The Boer republics strike gold

• After 1842, the Great Trek moved on further north-east. Eventually the trekkers established two independent republics: the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

• After the discovery of diamond and gold deposits in 1867 and 1886, the British renewed their interest in annexing the Boer republics.

• The driving force behind this enterprise was Cecil Rhodes. 

• Rhodes arrived in Kimberley in 1871 to make a fortune in the diamond fields. He later extended his interests to the gold mines of the Transvaal.

• By the end of the decade his two companies, De Beers Consolidated Mines and Gold Fields of South Africa, dominated the South African trade.  

But Rhodes had wider imperialist ambitions: he dreamt of establishing... Continue reading "Catolicavirtual empire" »

Reign of Fernando VII (1814-1833)

Key events upon his return include the Treaty of Valençay (1814) and the Decree of Valencia.

Absolutist Phase (1814-1820)

• Rejection of the Constitution of 1812 and restoration of the absolute monarchy.
• Persecution of liberals: Many were exiled to England.
• Opposition grew through secret societies like the Masons and military uprisings, such as the one led by Espoz y Mina.
• Absolutist legislation: The Inquisition was restored, church lands were no longer confiscated, and nobles regained their old privileges.
• Serious social and economic problems, combined with arbitrary acts, created widespread opposition.

Constitutional Liberal Triennium (1820-1823)

• Began with Riego's coup d'état in 1820, which forced the king to accept

What landforms stretches from the Atlantic coast and Eastern Europe?

Northern European plain

The leading agricultural producer in the European Union is

France

Germany's economy is based on

Industry

What landform covers much of Switzerland and Austria

Mountains

West Central Europe's Marine West Coast climate is a key natural resource for

Farming

During World War II France and the Benelux countries were invaded by

Germany

The Benelux countries are all

densely populated

The Dutch have used dikes and other technology to

Create polders

A highly urbanized and industrialized area of the Netherlands is called

Rotterdam

What industry employs more than half of Austria's workforce?

Service

Belgium has been troubled by regional conflicts over

Language and other cultural issues

Switzerland

Does... Continue reading "Key Features of European Geography and History" »

RESTORATION CRISIS

regenerationism (2nd stage restoration 20th cent. attempt reform syst & increase social support), parties conservative canovas-->Maura (change law to fight caciquism, compulsory voting, strike regulation, sunday rest & old age/unemployment benefit) liberal sagasta-->canalejas (eliminated consumos tax, compulsory military service, ends quintas, limited church influ) problems loss of colonies, needed em in imperialist era, got north morocco=low resources, BCN TRAGIC WEEK dissatisfaction bc reservist call (trigger), radical ideology, antimaurism & anticlericalism (cyclical), canalejas assassination, 1917 CRISIS unable to keep syst, causes (Spain neutrality in WWI, production & profit growth, same wage but... Continue reading "Spanish Restoration Crisis and Transition to Francoism" »

Spain's 1812 Constitution: A Landmark Document

This document presents key legal articles from Spain's very first Constitution, drafted by members of the Central Junta and promulgated on March 19^th, 1812.

Genesis of the Cadiz Constitution

This Constitution was forged during the tumultuous Spanish War of Independence. At that time, French troops aimed to cross Spain to attack Portugal, but Spaniards soon realized they were acting as an occupying force. Witnessing this, Prince Ferdinand organized the Aranjuez Mutiny in 1808, which led to Prime Minister Godoy’s dismissal and King Charles IV’s abdication. Exploiting the conflict between father and son (Charles IV and Ferdinand VII), Napoleon summoned them to Bayonne, compelling their abdication... Continue reading "Spain's 1812 Constitution: Liberalism and National Sovereignty" »

The Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked a significant turning point in Indian history. It resulted in the establishment of British control over Bengal, marking the beginning of British colonial rule in India. This victory allowed the British East India Company to expand its influence and control over other parts of India, leading to the gradual colonization of the subcontinent.

The Path to Indian Independence: Key Movements and Milestones

Birth of Indian National Congress and Swadeshi Movement (1885 - 1905)

Indian National Congress (INC)

Founded in 1885, the Indian National Congress (INC) aimed to achieve self-rule for India through peaceful means. Its early leaders included Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, and Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee.

Swadeshi

The Reign of Philip III and the *Validos*

Philip III was not as energetic as his father. In this century, the king usually left political decisions to the *validos*—a royal favorite who governed on his behalf and concentrated political power. The Duke of Lerma was the main *valido* of Philip III.

The Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609–1614)

The expulsion of the Moriscos was the continuation of preceding dynamics and tensions. This was a decision driven by the Duke of Lerma. It proved to be a disaster in economic and demographic terms, because the Moriscos were hard agrarian and artisanal workers.

The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)

Philip III and Philip IV supported the Habsburg Emperor against the Palatinate Elector and other subjects. Initially,... Continue reading "The 17th Century Crisis of the Spanish Monarchy" »

1. Introduction

• Type of Text: Primary source. A manifest; a historical and political text.

• Author: Collective (Basque political and trade union organizations in exile in France: PCE, PNV, UGT, Izquierda Republicana, ANV, Euskadi Mendigozale Batza, PSOE, ELA, Republicans, CNT).

• Addressee: Primarily all citizens of the Basque Country, and indirectly the Franco Regime. A public text.

• Objective: To reaffirm allegiance to the Republic, support the Basque Government in exile, oppose the dictatorship, and prevent the restoration of the monarchy.

• Location and Date: Published in Bayonne (France) on March 31, 1945, during early Francoism, while the Basque Government was in exile in France, a period of repression and hope for restoring the Republic in Spain