Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Brest-Litovsk Peace

Germans were advancing in Russia and they signed the Brest Litovsk Treaty, so Russia left WW1, having accepted German conditions. A civil war started in Russia because people saw communists as danger.

Civil War

• Whites were anti-communists.

• Reds were communists.

Great Britain, France and US helped the Whites to stop communism. Red forces were united while White forces were not. That made difficult the coordination of their attacks. When the red Army defeated their enemies in Russia, they went to Poland to spread communism, but Poland defeated them. Tsar and his family were executed

War communism and mutiny

• War communism was a system established by the Reds to win the War. They had power over the people and they use violence in case

Background

Prior to the end of World War II in 1945, the Allied powers held a series of conferences to address the post-war situation of Germany and Eastern Europe.

Tehran Conference (November 1943)

The Tehran Conference agreed that the USSR would annex the Baltic States and eastern Poland.

Yalta Conference (February 1945)

The Yalta Conference, attended by Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin, agreed to rebuild Europe with democratic governments. They also redrew the boundaries of Poland, Germany, and Berlin, dividing the city into four military zones.

Potsdam Conference (July-August 1945)

The Potsdam Conference agreed to revert all German annexations in Europe, demilitarize and divide Germany, pay war reparations, and punish Nazi war criminals.

Peace

Change of dynasty:the rise of the bourbons:

 carlosII was the spanish king oh the hapsburg line. He had no children,so he designated the bourbon philip of anjou as his heir. There was a dispute that resulted in the   war of the spanish succession. The rivals for the throne were: -philip of anjou, he official heir,who was supported bay france and the crown of castilla -archduke charles of    austria, who was supported by austria, great britain and the crow of aragon. The war finally ended with the treaties of utrecht and rastatt. Philip became king of spain as f     elipeV the first monarch pf the bourbon dynasty.At the same time, the treaties gave some of spain’s territories to austria while great britain received gibraltar and menorca.... Continue reading "Migration africa to europe" »

The New Man: Humanist Vision

The new man: humanists proposed a new vision of man as the most perfect of God's creations. They considered him the center of universal interest. Freedom and reason: they believed that God had created man as a free being responsible for his actions and capable of rational thought. Scientific interest: in order to expand their knowledge, they used observation and experimentation. Human progress: humanist thought was optimistic. Intellectuals believed in God and the Christian faith. Rediscovery of antiquity: the teachings of classical authors such as Plato and Aristotle were a model for intellectual, social, and political behavior and education.

Demographic and Economic Recovery

In the second half of the 15th century,... Continue reading "The Renaissance: A New Vision of Man and Society" »

Ferdinand VII: The Restoration of Absolutism (1813-1833)

Ferdinand returned to Spain in 1814. His reign is divided into three phases:

1. Six Years of Absolutism (1814-1820):

   Upon his return, Ferdinand sought to establish an absolute monarchy, reverting to the Ancien Régime. He annulled the constitution and reversed the Cortes' reforms.

2. Liberal Triennium (1820-1823):

   A successful pronunciamiento forced Ferdinand to reinstate the constitution. Liberals formed the national militia, composed of liberal volunteers, to defend it. Ferdinand appealed to the Holy Alliance for help in restoring absolutism.

3. Ominous Decades (1823-1833):

   The first crisis emerged in 1823 when the king rejected financial reforms, fearing the loss of support from those who would have

Collectivisation

The USSR needed to produce more food, so increasing production was essential. The majority of peasants were poor and lacked equipment for working the land. The kulaks were rich peasants who were influential in villages but annoyed the Communist Party. Stalin began collectivising all farms: peasants worked together on lands, and when the harvest was collected, a part was sold to the government at a low price, the rest for peasants. They were forced to collectivise. The problem with collectivisation was that due to the speed of the change, their traditional way of life was destroyed. Kulaks resisted the change. The new exploitations were forced to grow particular crops needed for industry and had to supply a specific amount to... Continue reading "Impact of Collectivisation and Stalin's Purges in the USSR" »

1. The Second World War

The Second World War was a military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. The war involved almost all of the European countries, Japan, the United States, China, and the European colonies in North Africa, Asia, and Oceania. This conflict involved total war: countries employed all the available resources to defeat the enemy, including human, military, economic, and scientific resources. In addition, war was waged against the whole population, both the military forces and the civilian population.

1.1. The Causes of the War

The reasons for the outbreak of war were the following:

• Nationalist Discontent: At the end of the First World War, both Germany and Italy were unhappy. Germany was unhappy because the Treaty of

The original thirteen colonies were divided into three distinct regions: the New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. Each region possessed unique characteristics in terms of their founding principles, challenges faced, religious practices, and economic systems. These differences stemmed from various factors, including interactions with Native American tribes, climate variations, and the motivations behind their establishment. Despite their disparities, all thirteen colonies shared a common thread as English settlements under the rule of the British monarchy.

The New England Colonies

The New England Colonies were renowned for their diversified economy, encompassing fishing, farming, and shipbuilding industries. They... Continue reading "The Thirteen Colonies: A Comparative Analysis" »

Spain's Role in World War II

What was the position of Franco in World War II? Was Spain involved in the conflict? While Franco avoided direct involvement in the war, he was ambitious and desired to gain an empire through participation. However, Spain was ill-prepared for such a challenge, especially after the Spanish Civil War left the country economically and militarily devastated. Mussolini's unexpected failures upon entering the war caused trouble for Hitler, forcing Germany to commit enormous resources to rescue operations. Spain, in its weakened state, could not afford such risks.

Later, Franco sought acceptance into the United Nations, but his request was rejected. The General Assembly recognized that Franco had collaborated with the Axis... Continue reading "Spain's Role in World War II and Other Key WWII Events" »