Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

I. Causes of World War I

Major Factors Leading to the War

• Militarism: The build-up of military forces by nations to safeguard their interests and resources.
• Imperialism: The expansion of larger nations by taking over smaller nations and their territories.
• Nationalism: Extreme pride in one's country, often at the expense of international cooperation.
• Entangling Alliances: A complex web of treaties and agreements that obligated nations to support each other in times of war, drawing multiple countries into the conflict.

II. The U.S. Before World War I

Events Leading to U.S. Involvement

• The Lusitania Incident: The sinking of a British passenger ship with American citizens on board by a German U-boat, sparking anti-German sentiment in the U.S.
• The Zimmerman

The Cádiz Cortes and the Constitution of 1812: Impact on Spain

Different groups appeared:

• the supporters of the Enlightenment ideas, who wanted the end of the Ancient Régime in Spain and establish a constitutional monarchy.
• the absolutists, who wanted the king to be restored as an absolute monarch.

On 9 March 1812, the Cádiz Cortes approved Spain's first constitution, the Constitution of 1812, that was a victory for the Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality.

The Constitution of 1812: Established

• a constitutional monarchy
• popular sovereignty with limited male suffrage
• separation of powers: executive (monarch), legislative (monarch and the Cortes) and judicial (courts of justice)
• guaranteed rights and freedoms
• Catholicism as the official religion

Art:

Lincoln Memorial

A Tribute to the 16th President

The Lincoln Memorial, a neoclassical temple located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., honors Abraham Lincoln, the 16th U.S. President. Dedicated in 1922, it stands as a testament to Lincoln's legacy. Designed by architect Henry Bacon, the memorial features a large seated sculpture of Lincoln by Daniel Chester French and interior murals by Jules Guerin. Inscribed within the memorial are Lincoln's Gettysburg Address and Second Inaugural Address.

A Site of Historic Speeches

The Lincoln Memorial has served as a backdrop for many significant speeches, including Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic "I Have a Dream" speech during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

Visiting the Memorial

Administered... Continue reading "Lincoln Memorial & Washington Monument: A Guide to Visiting" »

Fernando 7

Anglo Saxon Conquest - AS tribes came from Northern Germany. The first invaders were the Jutes who arrived in Kent in 449. Shortly after, bands of Saxons established themselves in the South. The Angles occupied East Anglia and Northumbria. Between their arrival and the 7th century, they occupied the whole of England, pushing the Celtic tribes to the margins. Therefore, the tribes were pushed to the borders. This caused the creation of seven kingdoms: The AS Heptarchy (Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex). It marked the beginning of Britain as a country and the English language. Each kingdom established its own rule and there was constant power struggle, leading to the downfall of some kingdoms. Between 450-1066 (Norman... Continue reading "The Anglo-Saxon Conquest" »

The Revolutions of 1905 and 1917

In 1905, general discontent combined with the fact that Russia had been defeated by Japan in the Russo-Japanese war set off a revolution that forced the Tsar to create a parliament, or Duma, and implement certain reforms. However, the autocracy remained.

In 1917, the Russian army’s losses in the First World War and the mass suffering that was caused sparked two revolutions:

The bourgeois February Revolution of 1917 deposed Tsar Nicholas II and established a republic. The liberal and bourgeois provisional government promised reforms, but their sluggishness and decision to remain in the world war led to their downfall.

The Bolshevik October Revolution of 1917, organised by radical Marxists, or Bolsheviks, overthrew... Continue reading "The Revolutions of 1905 and 1917: Impact and Legacy" »

WW1:

1. Causes: Militarism: Build-up of armed forces to prepare for war. Alliance: Agreement between countries to defend or fight together. Imperialism: Belief of a country in building up an empire and controlling less powerful countries. Nationalism: Pride in a country with people wanting to govern themselves or defend themselves.

2. Main Events:

-1914 28 June → Archduke’s Assassination (TRIGGER EVENT)

-1914 29 July → Russia mobilizes its troops to defend Serbia

-Germany declares war on Russia (1st August)

-France declares war on Germany to help Russia (2nd August)

-Germany declares war on France (3rd August)

19th January 1915: Germany begins an aerial campaign against Britain

15th September 1916: The first use of tanks. Used by the British.

6th

The French Revolution: A Timeline of Key Events

The French Revolution began in 1789 when the Estates General was called to address increasing taxes and social and political problems.

The National Assembly

The Third Estate demanded a new voting system based on individual votes and formed the National Assembly.

When the King locked them out of the Estates General, they met at a tennis court and vowed to remain until France had a constitution.

The Constituent Assembly

The King eventually conceded, and the Constituent Assembly was formed to write a constitution. This marked a triumph for the bourgeoisie, as the monarchy's power was no longer absolute.

In 1791, the Assembly approved the constitution, which established:

• Constitutional Monarchy: The monarch'

The Augustan Age in English Literature

As the term Classical Age is too dignified for writers of the eighteenth century in England, who imitated only the outward trappings of the ancient classical writers and could not capture their inner spirit, this age is preferably called the Augustan Age. This term was chosen by the writers of the eighteenth century, who saw in Pope, Addison, Swift, Johnson, and Burke the modern parallels to Horace, Virgil, Cicero, and other brilliant writers who made Roman literature famous during the reign of Emperor Augustus.

The Age of Reason and Enlightenment

The eighteenth century is also called the Age of Reason or the Age of Good Sense because people thought they could stand on their own two feet and be guided in... Continue reading "The Augustan Age in English Literature: Reason, Enlightenment, and Neoclassicism" »

TYPE OF TXT: Primary source

As regards the form, it's a law-legal text/terms for economic text

AUTHOR: Libe progre Governmnt, at the proposal of ministry of development+approved by Cortes+Isa2 (queen)

ADDRESSEE: All the Spaniards, so it is a public text

Introduction

OBJECTIVE: Attract foreign capital to boost the construction of the railway in Spain

LOCA+DATE: Aranju, published in "", located in process of "Vicalvarada" to Progre Biennium 1854-56

Main idea: Boost the construction of the railway in Spain and the need to attract foreign capital

Introduction: The law approved in Cortes is ratified by Isabel II, Queen of Spain

Articles:

Their object is to regulate the general service of the rail network.

4,6: Explains to whom corresponds construction of general... Continue reading "Boosting Railway Construction in Spain: A Primary Source Law Text" »