Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

Simón Bolívar had assumed command of the Puerto Cabello Square on May 4, 1812. A month later, on 6 June, it fell to the royalists. Faced with this loss and after signing the capitulation, Bolivar got through to Curacao and then to New Granada. There, the government recognized the rank of colonel and allowed their participation in the Campaign of Magdalena. On December 15, 1812 wrote his first document sets out the causes which led to the loss of the First Republic and warns neogranadinos on the need to unite to defeat the enemy. These causes by Bolivar were:
1. The tolerance scheme followed by the Republican authorities to consider how weak and ineffectual. He criticized the attitude of the government of Venezuela against Coro, claiming

Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising led by Chinese nationalists. It was quickly crushed, humiliating China. This was one of the first major anti-foreign rebellions.

Bolshevik Revolution

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia was led by Vladimir Lenin. It established a communist government in the nation and led to the eventual removal of Russia from World War I.

Bentley and Child Labor

A worker in Britain, Bentley testified before a parliamentary committee investigating conditions among child laborers in the British textile industry. He described the poor conditions and low pay. This led to the formation of unions.

The Birth of a Nation

The Birth of a Nation was a silent film released in 1915. It depicted... Continue reading "Key Historical Events and Figures: 19th and 20th Centuries" »

1. Ariketa

1.1. Dendak Irekitzea

18:26an ireki dituzte hainbat denda.

18:26an - hainbat denda

1.2. Anai-Arreben Jaiotza

1991ko maiatzaren 26an jaio ziren zure anai-arrebak.

Maiatzaren 26an - anai-arreba

1.3. Hizkuntza Eskola

Datorren ikasturtean hizkuntza-eskolan emango dute izena hainbat neskek.

Hizkuntza-eskolan - dute - hainbat neskak

1.4. Goizeko Irteera

Urtarriletik maiatzera, ostegunetan, goizeko 07:30etan aterako gara etxetik.

Urtarriletik maiatzera - 07:30ean

1.5. Ekonomi Bileraren Amaiera

Ekonomi-arloko bilera gaueko zortzi eta erdietan amaitu zen; proposamenaren inguruko bozketan, sei eta lau egin zuten.

Ekonomia-arloko - zortzi eta erdietan - sei eta lau egin zuten

1.6. Hezkuntza Proiektua

Ez zaitu inork ere ezagutu, hezkuntza proiektuan aritu ginenetik... Continue reading "Spanish Civil War: Causes, Consequences & Basque Impact" »

Church of La Vera Cruz, Segovia (12th Century)

• Centralized scheme floorplan
• Based on Dome of the Rock & Holy Sepulchre
• Central edicule
• Three apses head
• Quadrilateral bell tower
• Twelve-sided plan
• Two floors
• Buttresses
• Ribbed vault & Caliphal dome

Holy Sepulchre, Torres del Rio, Navarra (12th Century)

• C Templarios
• Octagonal plan
• Tower to get to the lantern
• Mudejar precedents
• Arabic star-shaped dome
• Apse in East
• Archivolts
• Parallel ribs
• Stone dome
• Pointed/midpoint arches

Templarios de Eunate Church, Navarra (12th Century)

• External cloister enclosing the Church
• East apse
• Tower with spiral stairs
• Ribs in dome pass through center
• Octagonal plan
• Dome starts in columns
• Midpoint arch

Cathedrals of St. James (11th Century)

• Central nave with barrel vaults
• Arches and transversal

The Second Republic of Spain (1931-1936)

The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed in 1931 after the departure of King Alfonso XIII following municipal elections largely won by Republican candidates. The Republic represented a significant shift towards modernization and social reform, driven primarily by workers and leftist parties.

Key Events of the Second Republic:

• April 1931: The Second Republic is proclaimed, and Alfonso XIII goes into exile. (PSOE - Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)
• December 1931: The Republican Constitution is approved.
• November 1933: Right-wing parties win general elections. (CEDA - Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups)
• February 1936: The Popular Front (a coalition of left-wing parties) wins the general elections.

The Rise of Mesopotamian Civilization

On the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the main urban settlements that were to play a leading role in the three millennia of Mesopotamian history emerged. The periodic overflowing of their banks irrigated and enriched the surrounding land, allowing intensive agricultural exploitation. This favored the appearance of stable settlements and their development. Cities such as Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Assur, Mari, and Babylon, among many others, arose, governed independently from a temple-palace.

Mesopotamian Society and Governance

The temple-palace organized the economy and held the political and military monopoly, as it was where the production and surplus from their economic activities were stored. Society... Continue reading "Mesopotamian Civilization: Society, Economy, Religion" »

The Cold War: Key Policies and Events

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. Here's a look at some key events and policies:

The Truman Doctrine

Introduced in 1947 by President Harry Truman, the Truman Doctrine aimed to defend democracies against the spread of communism.

The Marshall Plan

Also introduced in 1947, the Marshall Plan was designed to help European countries rebuild their economies after World War II.

NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Established in 1949, NATO is a military alliance between the USA and Western Bloc countries.

The Warsaw Pact

Formed in 1955, the Warsaw Pact was a military alliance between the USSR and Eastern Bloc countries, including... Continue reading "Cold War: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and Key Events" »

Riba's Contribution to Poverty

Riba (usury) exacerbates poverty by exploiting people's wealth. It is a significant factor in rising prices and economic recession. Furthermore, it diminishes charitable acts and cooperation within society. From a moral standpoint, it strips human actions of their blessings. Borrowers often struggle to repay loans, ultimately leading to increased interest and indebtedness.

Risks of Accusing Chaste Women of Adultery

Accusing a chaste woman of adultery is an extremely serious offense and constitutes slander. Such accusations jeopardize her reputation and honor, leading to defamation within the community. They can also severely damage families, promote immorality, and foster animosity among people.

Benefits of Zakat

Napoleon

In 1802, Napoleon was named First Consul for life after his victory in Italy. In 1804, he was declared Emperor. He established the Civil Code, covering marriage, divorce, education, and inheritance.

Napoleon conquered many areas of Europe and spread Enlightened policies, but Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain tried to prevent it. Napoleon also had many problems when he invaded Spain and Russia. Finally, Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Napoleon in Spain

Napoleon's Occupation of Spain

Charles IV and his minister Manuel Godoy supported Napoleon against Britain, but Spain was defeated at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).

In 1807, Spain and France signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau, by which Charles IV let the French troops... Continue reading "Napoleon's Reign and the Spanish War of Independence" »