Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Key Population Concepts

Census of Population

The process of collecting data on the number of individuals within a given population and their main characteristics (demographic, socioeconomic, socio-cultural, etc.). Censuses are typically conducted periodically.

Real Growth

The change in a population's size over a specific period, resulting from the balance between natural growth and net migration. It can be represented as: CR = CV + SM = (TN - TM) + (I - E), where CR is Real Growth, CV is Natural (Vegetative) Growth, SM is Net Migration, TN is Birth Rate, TM is Death Rate, I is Immigration, and E is Emigration.

Vegetative Growth (Natural Growth)

Measures the population change during a period due solely to the balance between births and deaths. Formula:... Continue reading "Key Population and Demography Definitions" »

Transportation and Tourism

Passenger Transportation

Passenger transportation primarily relies on cruise and ferry services.

Air Transport

The Airplane's Role

The airplane is a crucial mode of transport, especially for medium and long-distance passenger travel and express freight delivery of valuable and compact goods.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Air transport offers speed and efficiency. However, it contributes to environmental problems, including air pollution (CO₂ emissions) and noise pollution, particularly affecting areas near airports.

Tourism

Definition

Tourism involves travel from one's residence to another location for a limited time, primarily for leisure. It typically includes spending at least one night away from home.

Features and Factors

Metropolitan Area

Metropolitan Area: An urban area surrounding a central city, administratively encompassing several towns. These towns share economic relations, necessitating joint planning. In Spain, metropolitan areas were formally created in the twentieth century.

Peri-urban Area

Peri-urban Area: The zone where urban sprawl makes it difficult to determine the precise limits of the city. It features mixed land uses and a blend of urban and rural lifestyles.

Old Quarter (Historic Center)

Old Quarter (Historic Center): The part of a city urbanized from its origin until the period of industrialization. It typically occupies a small area but holds significant symbolic and cultural importance.

CBD (Central Business District)

CBD (Central Business District)

Natural population movements refer to the growth or decline in the number of people based solely on births and deaths. To understand this, we calculate the birth rate, mortality rate, and vegetative growth.

Birth Rate

The birth rate indicates how many people are born per thousand inhabitants in a given population.

Crude Birth Rate = (Births / Population) x 1000

It is considered high if above 30‰, moderate between 15 and 30‰, and low if below 15‰. Currently, in Spain, the rate is below 15‰.

Mortality Rate

The mortality rate indicates the number of deaths per thousand in a population.

Crude Mortality Rate = (Deaths / Population) x 1000

It is considered high if above 30‰, moderate between 15 and 30‰, and low if below 15‰. In Spain, the mortality... Continue reading "Understanding Population Dynamics: Births, Deaths, and Growth" »

1. The Impact of Post-War Scientific Investment

The current development would not have been possible without the significant investments in research after World War II. The war revealed the immense power of science, leading to increased funding since 1945. However, this has widened the gap between rich and poor countries, as nations like Japan, the USA, Germany, France, and Britain invest more in research than others.

2. Key Areas of Scientific Research

• Chemistry: New materials, plastics, dyes, etc.
• Nuclear Physics: Initially applied to military purposes (atomic bomb), later to energy production.
• Computer Science: Simplifying and accelerating tasks. The invention of the microprocessor in the 1970s led to the personal computer. Applying computer

Transportation Systems in Spain

Transportation systems facilitate the movement of people and goods. These systems comprise interconnected infrastructure networks (roads, airports, etc.). Vehicles have evolved significantly, from early rail to the automobile and airplane a century later. The volume of goods transported, as well as the number of people traveling for work or leisure, is substantial.

Characteristics of the Spanish Transportation System

Key features include:

• The significant influence of natural factors, primarily terrain, which impacts road layout.
• A radial layout centered around Madrid, evident in road, rail, and air transport networks.
• Regional imbalances, reflected in the quality of roads.
• Communication deficiencies between regions.

Fishing in Spain: An Overview

Fishing is an activity with an ancient tradition that has been losing economic weight, although it remains important in Galicia and in the Spanish diet in general.

Spanish Fishing Sectors

The Spanish fishing area is divided into eight sectors:

• Northwest
• Cantabria
• North Winds
• Levantine
• Mediterranean Region
• South Atlantic
• Balearic Islands
• Canary Islands

The main destination for fishing is human consumption. Three-quarters of the catch are fish and shellfish. The remainder is notable for its white fish value and tonnage of sardines and anchovies. Landings experienced a large increase until 1976.

Challenges in the Fishing Industry

Fishing activity is in a crisis, as shown by the decrease in the workforce, the decline in GDP contribution... Continue reading "Fishing in Spain: Challenges, Sectors, and Aquaculture" »

From 930 to 1300, the West saw the start of development, mainly agricultural, which is known thanks to new research techniques. This produced a transformation of rural space and the emergence of an agrarian social order. This agricultural development is associated with urban and commercial expansion. Similarly, there was cultural and political development. The pace of the expansion process accelerated from 980 to the beginning of the 13th century. The West expanded its geographic boundaries across the European continent.

Historical science has not stopped investigating the causes of this expansion. It is problematic. Various factors that researchers have been considering to explain this expansion are not enough: the weakening of external pressures,... Continue reading "European Economic Expansion: 11th to 13th Centuries" »

Biodiversity Conservation: In Situ and Ex Situ

Ex Situ Conservation

This method involves preserving genetic material outside of the natural environment, such as in gene banks, seed banks, embryo and sperm banks, and tissue culture facilities. While expensive due to the specialized infrastructure required, ex situ conservation allows for the preservation of specific varieties.

In Situ Conservation

In Situ conservation focuses on preserving biodiversity within natural areas. This involves establishing protected areas and collaborating with local communities, particularly farmers, to maintain local genetic material. This approach includes studying varieties in different locations, supporting farmers, and recognizing their efforts in preserving genetic... Continue reading "Peruvian Biodiversity: Conservation and Biotechnology" »

Spain's Commerce and the European Union

• Spanish international trade is mainly with other European Union countries.
• This trade is facilitated by the laws and regulations of the EU, the single European currency, and the free trade of goods.
• The commercial balance in Spain is negative, meaning that Spain imports more than it exports.
• The balance of payments is positive, thanks to revenue from tourism, foreign investment, and movements of capital.

Transport Networks and Communications in Spain

• Road networks have benefited from the most governmental investment in recent years.
• The intention has been to create more connections between populations to improve speed and reduce transport time.
• Some of the disadvantages of road transport in Spain are:

1. Heavy traffic