Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

World Population

The total number of people living on earth. This figure reached 7 billion in 2012.

Population History

1. Increased slowly before 18^th century. Black death interrupted it.
2. 18^th - 19^th century: contemporary age. Population grew in Europe and North America, improved agriculture.
3. 20^th century: contemporary age.
4. Now.
5. Future.

Population Density

Total population/area km. Average population density: 50 inhabitants per km².

Population Distribution

Uneven due to physical and human factors.

• Physical: Some types of natural environment usually have high population. Favourable conditions include abundant water, a temperate climate, low fertile land, and mineral resources. On the other hand, regions with little water or extreme temperatures are less densely

Defining Developed and Developing Countries

Developed countries experience relatively high economic growth and security, often measured by GDP and industrialization. Examples include the United States, Canada, Japan, and most European nations.

Developing countries lack the same level of economic growth and security. Many African, Asian, and South American countries fall into this category.

Globalization and its Effects

Globalization connects countries, facilitates cultural exchange, enables global production, and expands job opportunities. It involves the free transfer of capital, goods, and services across borders.

Advantages of Globalization

• Spreads technology
• Increases corporate profitability
• Promotes cultural exchange
• Expands markets for goods

Multinational Companies

Germany: Siemens (electrical), Ford, Mannesmann (tools)

Italy: Pirelli (rubber), Dell'Aqua

Japan: NEC Corporation (tech & communication)

Greece: Rally Brothers

US: Singer (sewing machine), International Harvester, Swift and Co (meat), ITT (communication)

UK: British Petroleum, South Sea Company (trade), EIC (trade), Levant Company (trade), Royal African Company

France: Saint Gobain (glass), Suez Canal Company

Spain: Grifols+Esteve (pharmaceutical), Roca, Cirsa (casinos), Ficosa (cars), Puig (perfumes), Catalana Occident (insurance), Celsa (construction)

Effects of World War

• Restrictions in trade
• Blockades
• Decrease in world trade
• Liquidation of foreign owned assets in war-involved countries
• Differences in prices and expensive shipping

VOCABULARY

UNIT 1

• Technological park
• Global warming
• Outskirts of the city
• Rainforests
• Young people
• Glaciers
• Pedestrianised area
• Sea ice
• Quality of life
• Sea levels
• New Projects
• Coral reefs
• Temperature
• Drought
• Extreme weather

UNIT 2

• Gateways
• Bottle
• Box
• Tin
• Carton
• Jar
• Packet
• Pot
• Tube
• Aluminium
• Cardboard
• Glass
• Metal
• Paper
• Plastic

UNIT 3

• International hub
• Specialised pole
• Regional pole
• Established capitals
• Re-invented capitals
• Knowledge hubs
• Profit
• Unemployment
• Poverty
• Famine
• War social situation
• Common sense
• Writing lines
• Detention
• Exclusion
• Swearing
• Suspension
• Hitting
• Not doing homework
• Bullying

A habit

Skill

A reminder

To delete

Terrible

To divide

A backup

Population Dynamics

Key Population Concepts

Population: The number of people inhabiting a particular place, influenced by physical environment, settlement patterns, economic activities, and history.

Population Density: The total number of inhabitants in a territory (absolute population) divided by the area it occupies in square kilometers.

Natality: The number of births in a population over a year.

Mortality: The number of deaths in a population over a year.

Birth Rate: The ratio of live births in a year to the average total population of that year.

Death Rate: The ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area during a specific period.

Life Expectancy: The average period a person may expect to live.

Migratory Change: Population movements to... Continue reading "Understanding Population Dynamics: Distribution, Growth, and Composition" »

❖ How does the availability of resources and the type of landscapes affect the nature of warfare?

2 Core Elements of industrial activitie (I). Raw materials

2.1. Industrial raw materials

According To their origin they can be classified as plant animal or geological matter.

-Plant sourced Raw materias; They are obtained from agriculture and silviculture.

-Animal Sourced raw materials; They are provide by livestock farming also from the Fishing industrie.

-Geological Raw materials; they are extracted from the Earth´s crust, Minerals from which Metals can be obtained and non-metalic materials, minerals represent the Largest quantity and variety of industrial raw materials. Rocks suchs as Granite, which are used directly or for manufacturing construction materials. Energy products, such as coal, crude oil, natural gas and uranium from which Energy

Causes of the Change of Urban-Rural Fringe:

• Cheaper land
• Less traffic congestion
• Easier access and better road infrastructure
• A pleasant environment with more open space

Type of Land Used:

• Housing
• Science and business parks, supermarkets, retail parks, and shopping centres
• Hotels and conference centres, offices, motorways
• Recreational areas such as parks and sports stadiums

Traffic:

Population structure, social, housing, services, transport, employment, environment

Solutions:

• Park and ride schemes:
  • Allow private car owners living in rural areas to travel where other public transport systems are unviable
  • Provides free car parking mainly at specially provided bus terminals
  • Provides efficient public transport within urban areas
  • Reduces traffic and pollution
• Short

Primary Sector

The primary sector involves activities related to obtaining natural resources for manufacturing or food:

• Agriculture
• Livestock farming
• Forestry
• Fishing

Secondary Sector

The secondary sector involves manufacturing raw materials and producing capital goods:

• Mining
• Industrial activities
• Construction
• Energy production

Tertiary Sector

The tertiary or service sector includes all the activities that produce intangible goods and services:

• Commerce
• Tourism
• Transport and communications
• Services

Steeps

Production, distribution, consumption

Factors

Natural resources, capital, labour

Agents

Households, government, businesses