Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Geography

The natural movement of the Spanish population has experienced three stages in its history, called demographic systems.

Ancient Demographic System

This system refers to pre-industrial societies. In Spain, this system was maintained until the beginning of the 19th century.

Death rates and birth rates were both high and fluctuated rapidly according to natural events, such as drought and disease, to produce a relatively constant and young population.

• Birth rates: Family planning and contraception were virtually nonexistent; therefore, birth rates were essentially only limited by the ability of women to bear children. Children contributed to the economy of the household from an early age. There were no education or entertainment expenses. In addition,

1. Minerals and Mining

A mineral is an organic natural substance with a specific chemical composition. There are different types of mining: surface mining, underground mining, underwater mining, and drilling mining. However, mining has negative impacts such as landscape destruction and water and soil pollution. It also depletes deposits and exhausts the land.

2. Fossil Fuels

Oil is a non-renewable fossil fuel formed by the decomposition of living organisms in the ocean over millions of years. It causes major environmental problems. Uranium, on the other hand, originates from a process called fission, which involves the disintegration of uranium atoms.

3. Renewable Energy

There are various forms of renewable energy:

• Hydroelectric Power (HP): Uses

The Autonomous Communities of Spain

The Spanish Constitution of 1979 led Spain to be organized into different autonomous communities. Between 1980 and 1985, the 17 autonomous communities that exist today were established. In 1995, the statutes of autonomous cities were approved for the two Spanish cities in North Africa: Ceuta and Melilla.

Spain's Provincial Organization

Spain has 50 provinces belonging to the different autonomous communities according to their geography, cultural characteristics, and common history. There are also the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla.

For historical reasons, some of these provinces are not located within the autonomous communities they belong to. For example, Condado de Treviño belongs to Burgos, but it... Continue reading "The Autonomous Communities and Administrative Divisions of Spain" »

The Secondary Sector

Industry and Construction

The secondary sector consists of construction and industry. It utilizes raw materials, which are resources that need to be transformed into finished or semi-finished products. Energy sources are crucial to power the machines used in this sector.

Human Resources

Developed Countries:

• Controlled working hours
• Right to strike
• Unemployment benefits
• Social protection and health insurance

Developing Countries:

• Minimum health and safety standards

Capital

Capital is provided by private companies, the state, or both. Companies can be owned by individuals or collectives.

Main Industrial Areas in the World

Europe:

• EU: Steel, aeronautics, aerospace
• Russian Federation: Energy sources and mineral resources

Asia:

• Japan, China,

- INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM : Capitalism is an economic system in wich the means of production are predominantly privately owned. Capitalism appears in various forms with various degrees of governmental control, bur its basic theoty is that of a free market. Economic activities respond to the free initiative of individuals, whose objectiveis the persuit of maximum profit. 

Q.10. Why is the tertiary sector becoming more important than other sectors in India? Give four reasons. Ans. Tertiary sector has become important in India due To
(i) Basic services like hospitals, education, post and telegraph, courts etc. Are the responsibility of the government.
(ii) Demand for services such as transport, trade, storage has increased with The development of primary and secondary sectors.
(iii) Demand for tourism, shopping, private schools, private hospitals etc. Increased with the increase in the level of income.
(iv) Rapid growth of service sector also benefitted from external demand such As software industry and call centre services.

Q.11. What is the significance of secondary sector in Indian economy? How does it Help

HOW DID THE PRODUCTION OF GOODS CHANGE DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

aThe driving forces of industrialisation(48) The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the mid-18th century. The following factors explain why Britain pioneered the revolution, overtaking neighbouring countries and becoming the first industrialised country ('the workshop of the world'):

• A political system in which the power of the monarchy had been limited by Parliament since the 17th century and in which the bourgeoisie had a lot of influence.
• Population growth that had led to a rise in demand and an abundance of labour for the new factories.
• An abundance of resources and raw materials, especially coal, which became the main source of energy.
• An extensive transport

North Africa