Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Trade Diversion and Creation

Trade diversion: A shift in the pattern of trade from low-cost world producers to higher-cost CU or FTA members.

-e: trade diversion

Trade creation: An expansion in world trade that results from the formation of a preferential trade arrangement.

B+d: trade creation

Rules of Origin in Regional Economic Integration

Define rules of origin and which form of regional economic integration requires them.

Rules of origin are required in Free Trade Areas to avoid trade deflection and prevent export companies from outside the FTA from benefiting unfairly. These rules are the criteria established to determine the national source of a product. They are important because duties and restrictions often depend upon the source of imports.... Continue reading "Understanding Trade Agreements: Creation, Diversion, and Types" »

UK Deer Species

Six deer species are found in the UK.

Sporadic Species

Of these, three species are found sporadically in Central England:

Red Deer

Red Deer are the largest of the indigenous species, found in the Highlands, Southwest Scotland, and Southwest England.

Sika Deer

Sika Deer originated in the Far East and were brought to Ireland in 1860. They are mostly found in Scotland, Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Dorset.

Chinese Water Deer

Chinese Water Deer are a wetland species found mainly in the Fens of East Anglia.

Common Species

The other three species are more commonly found across the UK:

Fallow Deer

Fallow Deer were indigenous, believed to have been driven to the Mediterranean by glaciers in the Ice Age and reintroduced during the Norman Conquest.

• Herding

Environmental Impact

Deer herbivores cause damage to forestry and crops when in large numbers. Research has shown that deer can damage 2% of crops through grazing and trampling, which is less than losses caused by pigeons or rabbits. Nevertheless, there are also benefits; in dry summers, fallow deer may eat the tops of spring beans to gain moisture.

The environmental impact on woodland occurs where deer eat young or coppiced trees, especially ash, hazel, and cherry (particularly roe deer). Some fallow deer in rut destroy saplings and tubes. Where hazel is coppiced, stools should be covered or deer may graze 90% of regrowth.

To protect new planting of trees or hedges from deer damage, they must be protected by fencing or tree guards. If protecting... Continue reading "Deer Population Dynamics and Management" »

Transport and Communications Evolution

The transport of people and goods has changed considerably over the last century. In addition, costs and journey times have both decreased. This phenomenon is known as the Transport Revolution.

Modern Transport Systems

• Rail Transport: From the early 19th century to the second half of the 20th century, railways were the main means of ground transport because of their speed and carrying capacity. Today, it is used for the transport of goods, as well as for passengers on local routes and medium-distance routes on high-speed and other trains.
• Road Transport: As car ownership became widespread in the mid-20th century, the number of roads and vehicles has increased steadily. Today, road transport is the most suitable

Features of MRTA

In the best cases, RTAs can serve as catalysts of deeper trade liberalization, focal points of inter-state cooperation, incubators of new WTO+1 trade rules, drivers of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and testing grounds for mechanisms to adjust to a more open trading environment.

Challenges of NAFTA

First, the business of shipping goods across borders needs an overhaul. Crossing from Mexico to the United States, waiting times are far too long; much of the infrastructure is antiquated; railway and haulage crews still change over at the border. Measures to allow the pre-clearance of goods before they reach the frontier are held up by America’s needless insistence that its customs agents should be allowed to carry guns, against... Continue reading "NAFTA: Benefits, Challenges, and the Gravity Model" »

Endangered Animals

Pollution is very bad for the world because it causes many problems.

Firstly, there are problems such as degradation of the landscape, deforestation, fires, damage to nature, and pollution of the seas, streets, and atmosphere. In addition, pollution affects both people and animals, leading to diseases, allergies, cancer, and other health issues.

Secondly, there are solutions such as using public transport, cycling, or walking instead of cars, and replacing old household appliances with new energy-efficient ones.

In my opinion, we must take action to improve the world, as the consequences of pollution are severe.

Tourism

The tourism industry

Tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of residence to another place in order to enjoy their free time. Tourism is therefore related to leisure. The development of the tourism industry involves creating the necessary transport and hospitality infrastructure to meet demand: airports, roads, accommodation, restaurants, etc. The main characteristic of the tourism industry is seasonal variation or seasonality.

Repercussions of tourism

It represents a significant source of revenue for a country. It creates jobs, but many of them are temporary, due to seasonality. It improves cultural relations between citizens of different countries. Destroys natural landscapes. In developing countries, the destination... Continue reading "The Impact of Tourism on the Environment and Economy" »

The construction sector in Barranquilla presents significant advantages, but the risks associated with increased building development could cause serious problems for the city and its society. Conversely, halting construction could hinder population management. Barranquilla, known as the "Golden Door" of Colombia, plays a crucial role in commerce. The most significant risks of new construction in Barranquilla are environmental damage and population increase. On the other hand, if Barranquilla stops these kinds of projects, it may not grow as a commercial city.

Environmental Impact of Construction

Construction activities pose considerable environmental threats due to the extensive use of chemicals and the reduction of oxygen in the air. Therefore,... Continue reading "Construction in Barranquilla: Risks and Advantages" »