Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

LEDC

MEDC

Nationalization of important branches of the economy

Many strategic branches of the economy were nationalized in many countries, for example, heavy industries like iron and steel or shipbuilding, network industries such as telecommunications and electricity (which were considered natural monopolies).

Finance/Industry relationship

●The Anglo-Saxon model is different and firms rely more on capital markets for the provision of finance.

●In Germany banks have been heavily engaged with industrial capital in durable relationships based on long-term success. The interlocking relationships between financial and industrial capital have provided stability, a healthy flow of information to the financial institutions which in turn has helped firms to obtain... Continue reading "Nationalization of Strategic Industries and Finance-Industry Relationships" »

Ingredients

Ingredients: 10% sodium chloride, 17% carbon, 40% sodium nitrate, 1% colorant.

Social Revolutions

Societies sometimes change very gradually, and the basic structure of society stays the same:

• The Neolithic Revolution began about 10,000 years ago. Human societies first learned to practice agriculture and live together in settlements.
• The Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It led to the growth of cities on a massive scale and the adoption of the new economic system of capitalism.
• The Liberal Revolutions of the same period were connected to these economic changes.
• Today, the Technological Revolution is causing changes in the way people work and interact with each other. The information society opens access

Consequences of Capitalism: Economic Changes

Capitalism is an economic system based on liberalism in which most means of production (machinery, factories, etc.) are privately owned. Its main theory is that of a free market and is based on competition law (supply and demand and reduce costs).

• Capitalism led to an inequality society (class society): high difference by wealth.
• Sometimes led to overproduction and economic crisis. It grows very fast but can decrease also very fast.
• Banks are joint-stock companies.
• Could finish in monopolies or oligopolies.

Consequences of Capitalism: Social Changes

There are high, middle, or petty bourgeoisie. Factors of class society: Capitalism organized society into the bourgeoisie, the rich people who carried out business... Continue reading "Consequences of Capitalism: Economic and Social Changes" »

Economic Activity: An Overview

Economic activity encompasses the actions people undertake to organize the production, distribution, and consumption of goods. It addresses the fundamental challenge of fulfilling human needs, which are unlimited, using limited resources.

What is a Good in Economics?

In economics, a 'good' possesses two key characteristics:

• Scarcity: It is limited, making people willing to pay for it.
• Necessity: It fulfills human needs, justifying people's willingness to pay.

Production and Factors of Production

Production involves utilizing natural and human resources to create goods. These resources include:

• Natural Resources: Resources derived from the environment, such as biological, mineral, and energy sources.
• Human Resources: Encompass

The Secondary Sector: Industry

Definition

The secondary sector encompasses industries that transform raw materials into manufactured goods. This process involves the use of machinery and energy in enclosed spaces like factories, resulting in the mass production of products.

Types of Industry

By Maturity

• Mature: Textile, steel, naval
• Advanced: Biotechnology, microelectronics, telecommunications, robotics

By Destination of Products

• Basic Industries: Convert raw materials into semi-finished products
• Capital Goods Industries: Manufacture products essential for other industries
• Consumer Goods Industries: Produce goods for direct sale to consumers

The Post-Fordist Model

This model emphasizes the development of new technologies and industries, catering to individual... Continue reading "The Secondary Sector: Industry and Its Impact on Economic Growth" »

What is confederation?  When did it occur? 

The confederation was when Canada was born. Happened on July 1, 1867. 

What makes up the province of Canada?” also know the 2 cultures of each Pg 23-24

Canada East

Followed French Culture + mostly spoke French 

Canada West

Followed British Culture + mostly spoke English 

Which  areas of British North America did Hudson's bay company in the mid-1800s Pg 5

Rupert’s Land, New Caledonia

What were the 2 main events of the “great migration” Pg 7

Potato famine & the underground railroad

Know a couple of points from each of the 6 beginning colonies of bna Pg 23-27

Canada East - Industry flourished in Montreal in the late 1840s

- Most of the work in the factories was d1 by women & children

- They were... Continue reading "Population of men, women and children in kudan local government" »

Tertiary Sector

Benefits of Globalization

• Increased Quality: Companies must provide better goods and services to attract consumers.
• Lower Prices: Producers must price competitively to remain in the market.
• Reduced Cultural Barriers: Movement between countries fosters tolerance and openness.

Drawbacks of Globalization

• Exploitation: Companies may relocate factories to countries with cheaper labor, leading to exploitation (e.g., Adidas factory in Cambodia).
• Job Insecurity: Globalization increases competition for jobs, leading to job insecurity and lower wages.
• Dominance of Rich Countries: Globalization primarily benefits developed countries at the expense of developing countries.

Conclusion

Globalization can be beneficial if human rights are respected and product quality... Continue reading "Globalization: Benefits and Drawbacks in the Goods and Services Sector" »