Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for English

Irregular Verbs List (G-W): English Conjugation and Spanish Meaning

Master the conjugation of essential English irregular verbs starting from G through W. This comprehensive table provides the Infinitive (Base Form), Past Simple, Past Participle, and the corresponding Spanish translation.

Essential Business English Vocabulary

Pursue

To follow or chase (someone or something); to strive to gain or accomplish (a goal) over a long period.

Boardroom

A room where a company's board of directors meets.

Storm

To enter suddenly and forcefully (e.g., storm the boardroom).

Account for

To represent or form a particular proportion or part of something.

Fulfilling

Achieving satisfaction or happiness through one's actions; satisfying.

Single-handedly

Done by one person alone; without help.

Slightly

To a small degree; not considerably; a little bit.

Gruffly

In a rough, stern, or abrupt manner.

Although

Conjunction meaning 'in spite of the fact that'; similar to 'but'.

Stepped back

To move back physically or mentally; to withdraw from a situation to gain perspective.

Essential English Vocabulary

Here's a list of useful English words and phrases, along with their meanings:

• To put off: To postpone or delay
• Stage: A step or phase in a process
• Prompt: On time or before the expected time
• Deadline: The last day or time by which something must be done
• Rush hour: Peak time when traffic is heaviest
• Sharp: Exactly on time (e.g., 9 o'clock sharp)
• Timing: The ability to do something at the right moment
• In a hurry: To be rushed or have a sense of urgency
• Plenty: A lot of; a large quantity
• Brief: Short in duration
• On time: Punctual; at the scheduled time
• At a time: At a particular moment
• Downtime: A period when you are less busy or doing fewer things
• Sidetracked: To be distracted from your main task
• Drag on: To continue for too long,

Reported Speech

Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is used to convey what someone else said without directly quoting them. The tense of the verb usually shifts back in time.

Statements

Direct: "Many customers have requested puppy's breath," he explained.
Reported: He explained that many customers had requested puppy's breath.

Questions

Direct: "Can you create nasty smells?" they asked Fred.
Reported: They asked Fred if he could create nasty smells.

Direct: "What perfume are you buying today?" Laura asked me.
Reported: Laura asked me what perfume I was buying that day.

Orders

Direct: "Turn on the aroma generator," the boss told her.
Reported: Her boss told her to turn on the aroma generator.

Direct: "Don't tell anyone my secret formula,"... Continue reading "Key English Grammar Rules for Effective Communication" »

Mastering English Grammar and Vocabulary

Grammar and Sentence Practice

1. Peter was looking forward to escaping from Auschwitz with Mary.
2. In spite of women having a professional life, they still have to do most of the housework.
3. Peter and Mary were given two different books in the afternoon.
4. He isn't attracted by the wages and the working conditions.
5. Mary has pushed the table into the corner.
6. Mary, whose purse has been stolen, was very upset.
7. If Peter tried harder, he could find a job.
8. If he hadn't arrived so late, he would have seen the famous writer.
9. Mary doesn't mind working hard for the organization.
10. The teacher asked the students to stop those attacks.
11. They used to live in peace when they were children.
12. Unless you return my trainers, I will tell the teacher.

Letter to a Friend About a Trip

From: [Your Name]

To: [Friend’s Name]

Subject: My Trip to Canada

Hi [Friend’s Name],

How are you? I have amazing news! I’m going to Canada for three weeks to study English!

I’ll be arriving on January 15th and staying at a student residence close to the school. My course has 20 lessons a week, and I’ll take morning classes. In the afternoons, I plan to join some activities, like city tours and maybe trying fun things like ice skating. I also want to explore and enjoy Canadian food. It’s going to be so exciting!

I hope you’re doing well. Do you think I should pack anything special for the trip? Let me know!

Take care,

[Your Name]

Family Vacation in La Serena, Chile

I went on vacation in February with my family... Continue reading "Canada Trip & Family Vacation: Travel Stories & Johnny Depp Bio" »

Passive Voice & Quantifiers

Passive Voice

• do → is done
• is doing → is being done
• did → was done
• was doing → was being done
• have done → has been done
• had done → had been done
• will do → will be done
• is going to do → is going to be done

Quantifiers

• Large: a lot of, much (uncountable), many (countable), plenty of
• Small: a few (countable), little (uncountable)
• More or less: too big, too many, enough
• Zero: any, no

Relative Clauses

• that → who/which (ese/que)
• who → people (quien)
• which → things/animal (cual)
• where → places (dónde)
• whose → mean possession (cuyo)

Modals

must have → el conductor se debería haber perdido

might/may have → se debe haber comprado una casa nueva

could have → podrías haber evitado el accidente

should have → debería... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Passive Voice, Clauses & Conditionals" »

Exercise 1: Vocabulary Identification

• Issues
• Overpopulation
• Moreover
• Homelessness
• Famine
• Cheated
• Expelled
• Fell
• Subjects
• Sororities
• Diet
• Publicity
• Unfit
• Get involved
• Lose
• Creative
• Passionate
• Irresponsible
• Importance
• Tolerant

Exercise 2: Vocabulary Matching and Definitions

• Nation: national, country
• Folklore: culture
• Reception: host
• Color of skin: race
• Country of origin: nationality
• The condition of being a woman or a man: gender
• 8. Immigrants
• Armed conflicts: wars
• Illnesses: diseases
• Extreme weather conditions: climate change
• Displaced people: refugees
• Really cheap: bargain
• Reduction: discount
• Used: second-hand
• Wait in line:
• Coins and notes: cash
• Plastic money: a credit card
• Ask for money from a friend: borrow
• To give money on the condition of repayment: lend

Exercise 3: Verb Tenses

Present Simple Affirmative Sentences

1. They work at the same company.
2. I practice yoga to relieve stress.
3. I drink coffee every morning.
4. She watches TV in the evenings.
5. They play soccer on weekends.
6. He reads a book before going to bed.
7. She listens to music while working.
8. They take the bus to work every day.
9. He brushes his teeth twice a day.
10. He cooks dinner for his family every night.

Present Simple Interrogative Sentences

1. Do you like coffee?
2. What do you usually eat for breakfast?
3. Where do you live?
4. How often do you exercise?
5. Do you have any pets?
6. What time do you usually wake up?
7. What is your favorite TV show?
8. Do you enjoy reading books?
9. How do you usually get to work or school?
10. What do you like to do in your free time?

Present Continuous Affirmative Sentences

1. I am currently

Past Simple

Affirmative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they watched. Translation: I watched.

Negative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't watch.

Interrogative

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they watch?

Past Continuous

Affirmative

I/he/she/it was watching Translation: I was watching.

we/they/you were watching

Negative

I/he/she/it wasn't watching

we/they/you weren't watching

Present Simple

Affirmative

I/you/we/they play Translation: I play

he/she/it plays

Negative

I/you/we/they don't play

he/she/it doesn't play

Present Continuous

Affirmative

I am reading Translation: I am reading

He/she/it is reading

we/they/you are reading

Negative

I am not reading

He/she/it isn't reading

we/they/you aren't reading

Present Perfect

Affirmative

I/you/we/they have finished Translation: I have finished

he/she/it has finished

Negative

I/... Continue reading "Essential English Grammar Reference" »