Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for English

Base Form         Past Simple         Past Participle         Meaning

• bring          brought          brought          traer
• build          built          built          construir
• buy          bought          bought          comprar
• catch          caught          caught          coger
• choose          chose          chosen          elegir
• come          came          came          venir
• cut          cut          cut          cortar
• do          did          done          hacer
• dream          dreamed          dreamed         

Irregular Verb Forms

A list of 100 common irregular verbs in English, showing the base form, past tense, and past participle.

1. Be - was/were - been
2. Beat - beat - beaten
3. Become - became - become
4. Begin - began - begun
5. Bend - bent - bent
6. Bet - bet - bet
7. Bite - bit - bitten
8. Bleed - bled - bled
9. Blow - blew - blown
10. Break - broke - broken
11. Bring - brought - brought
12. Build - built - built
13. Burn - burnt/burned - burnt/burned
14. Buy - bought - bought
15. Catch - caught - caught
16. Choose - chose - chosen
17. Come - came - come
18. Cost - cost - cost
19. Cut - cut - cut
20. Dig - dug - dug
21. Do - did - done
22. Draw - drew - drawn
23. Dream - dreamt/dreamed - dreamt/dreamed
24. Drink - drank - drunk
25. Drive - drove - driven
26. Eat - ate - eaten
27. Fall - fell - fallen
28. Feed - fed - fed
29. Feel - felt - felt
30. Fight - fought - fought
31. Find -

Conditional Sentences

First Conditional

Structure: If + Present Simple -> Future Simple or may/might + Imperative

Examples:

• If you are left-handed, you will face many disadvantages.
• You will meet a lot of people if you travel abroad.
• If she is free tomorrow, she may/might attend the concert too.

Second Conditional

Structure: If + Past Simple -> would + Base Form or could/might

Examples:

• If we had enough money, we would buy a new car.
• You could/might learn more this year if you studied harder.

Third Conditional

Structure: If + Past Perfect -> would have + Past Participle or could/might have

Examples:

• If I had phoned my parents, they wouldn't have been worried.
• He could/might have visited her if he had known she was ill.

Passive Voice

Present Simple

• Active:

1. Article Usage Rules

The article is a part of speech used before a noun, functioning as a noun determiner.

1.1. Names of Seasons

• Seasons are used without articles if they denote a general time of the year. Example: It was spring. I like spring.
• The definite article (the) is used when seasons are modified by a particularizing attribute or when the situation makes them definite. Example: It happened in the spring of 1930. The spring was cold and rainy.
• The indefinite article (a/an) is used when seasons are modified by a descriptive attribute. Example: It was a cold spring.
• When names of seasons are modified by the adjectives early or late, no articles are used. Example: It was early spring.

1.2. Parts of the Day

Parts of the day are used without articles:... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Articles, Pronouns, Adjectives" »

A Frightening Car Accident

Last week, I experienced a frightening accident that I will never forget. I was driving home from work when suddenly, a car came out of nowhere and crashed into my vehicle. I tried to avoid the collision, but it was too late. The impact was intense, and my car spun out of control. I felt scared and confused as my car finally came to a stop. Luckily, both the other driver and I were wearing seatbelts, which prevented any serious injuries. However, our cars were heavily damaged, and we had to wait for the police to arrive. It was a shocking and distressing event that reminded me of the importance of defensive driving and staying alert on the road because if we don't pay attention, accidents can happen easily.

Letter to

Sample Cover Letter for Outdoor Positions

Dear Ms. Grant,

I am writing in response to your advertisement placed in the Eastern Tribune on February 6th. I would like to apply for the position of Guide.

I have always enjoyed working in the outdoors and am experienced in hiking, camping, and rock climbing. This past summer, I worked as a counsellor at a summer camp, which gave me extensive experience working with people.

I am very reliable and hardworking. I am in excellent physical condition and excel at a number of sports. Most importantly, I am willing to work hard in order to keep your guests safe and to give them a positive experience of the Great Outdoors.

I hope you will consider my application favourably. I have attached a full CV and would... Continue reading "Outdoor Leadership Job Application Template" »

Unit 8: High-Level English Grammar Review

1. Verb Form Correction: Passive Voice Focus

Identify and correct the verb form errors in the following sentences, focusing on passive voice constructions.

1. Before we started, we were giving instructions on how to climb by an experienced climber. Correction: were given

2. Our instructor told us that our helmets should not were removed. Correction: be

3. The ropes we used that day have made of very strong nylon. Correction: were made

4. Our equipment was been checked carefully before we started. Correction: had been

5. When we were reached the summit, we took photos of the view from the top. Correction: reached

2. Sentence Transformations: Active to Passive Voice

Transform the following active voice sentences into passive... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Passive Voice, Articles & Quantifiers" »

School Break Time Memories

During school breaks, my friends and I used to play basketball. We formed teams, and the losing team would buy Lay's for the winning team. I used to play basketball, but I stopped when I broke my finger. Afterward, the school bought a thick and long rope, and I started playing jump rope with my friends. We all got together, and one by one, we started jumping. It was a lot of fun, but actually, I think I'm afraid of it now. I also used to play hide-and-seek with my friends, but I didn't like it much because I felt like time was passing, and the break was ending very quickly. When I entered high school, I stopped playing during breaks and only ate breakfast with my friends. We would sit on a bench and just talk.

A Lost

Vocabulary Development

Surveillance Terminology

Key terms related to surveillance:

• Surveillance: closed-circuit television (CCTV), biometric identification, identity cards, iris recognition, radio-frequency identification (RFID), computer chip.

Verbs of Observation and Detection

Understand verbs used to describe observation and detection:

• To survey: From his viewpoint at the top of the tower, he was able to survey the surrounding countryside.
• To be captured: As soon as she stepped outside, she was captured on camera.
• To identify: The man had been dead for more than thirty years, but it was possible to identify him using just his dental records.
• To be monitored: “Don’t worry about the man who called on you,” said the officer. “His movements will