Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Electronics

A Circuit

A circuit is an unbroken loop of conductive material that allows electrons to flow through continuously without beginning or end. If a circuit is ”broken,” that means its conductive elements no longer form a complete path, and continuous electron flow cannot occur in it. The location of a break in a circuit is irrelevant to its inability to sustain continuous electron flow. Any break anywhere in a circuit prevents electron flow throughout the circuit.

A Fuse

A fuse element acts as a sacrificial device to provide overcurrent protection. Most fuses include a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected.

Electromotive Force (EMF)

To move electrons in a conductor in a... Continue reading "Fundamentals of Electronics: Circuits, Components, and Arduino" »

1. Electric Circuits

An electric circuit is a route around which electrons circulate. It consists of a generator, a cable, a switch, and a receiver. Electric current is the flow of electrons around a circuit. We need a generator to maintain the current.

Types of Materials

• Conductors: Allow electric currents to pass through them (e.g., metals).
• Insulators: Don't allow electric current to pass through them (e.g., plastics).
• Semiconductors: Have properties between conductors and insulators (e.g., silicon and germanium).

Electrical Resistance

The electrical resistance of a material is a measure of the degree to which the material opposes an electric current flowing through it.

• Metals have hardly any electrical resistance; insulators have very high levels

Essential Qualities of Effective Teachers

Effective teaching requires a combination of knowledge, abilities, and attitudes. The following table outlines key aspects in each of these areas:

General Objective

At the end of the... Continue reading "Essential Skills & Objectives for Effective Teaching" »

Digital Literacy Skills

• Take a digital photo: Hacer una foto digital
• Play a video game: Jugar a un videojuego
• Make a phone call: Hacer una llamada
• Scan a photo: Escanear una foto
• Send an email: Enviar un correo electrónico
• Store data: Almacenar datos
• Print a document: Imprimir un documento
• Charge a mobile phone: Cargar el móvil
• Post a comment: Publicar un comentario
• Download/upload a video clip: Descargar/subir un videoclip
• Write a blog: Escribir un blog
• Save data on a memory stick: Guardar en una tarjeta de memoria
• Read an e-book: Leer un libro digital
• Go online: Navegar en internet

Past Simple Tense

• Affirmative: I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They scanned a photo.
• Negative: I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They didn't scan a photo.
• Interrogative: Did I/you/he/she/it/we/you/

Modals

Present

• Advice: OUGHT TO EAT/ SHOULD VISIT/ SHOULDN’T EAT/ MUST WATCH
• Obligation: MUST STUDY/ HAS TO HELP
• Absence of obligation/necessity: DON’T HAVE TO GO/ NEEDN’T WEAR
• Prohibition: CAN’T SMOKE / MUSTN’T TAKE

Past

• Regret, criticism, or past advice: SHOULD HAVE ASKED /SHOULDN’T HAVE LEFT/ OUGHT TO HAVE TOLD
• Past obligation: HAD TO SAVE
• No past necessity: NEEDN’T HAVE RUSHED
• Absence of past obligation: DIDN’T HAVE TO GIVE/ DIDN’T NEED TO GO

Present Deduction

• Possibility or speculation: COULD RAIN/ MAY BE/ MIGHT NOT BE
• Affirmative deduction: MUST BE
• Negative deduction: CAN’T BE

Past Deduction

• Past possibility: MAY HAVE LEFT/ MIGHT HAVE GIVEN
• Past possibility that didn’t happen: COULD HAVE MADE
• Logical conclusion about a past action:

AC Asynchronous Motors

Direct-on-Line (DOL) Starter

(+) Simple starter scheme. High starting torque. Low cost.

(-) High starter current (input line should admit this current). Abrupt start, mechanical shock, risk of breakage. Higher bearing, belt, or chain transmission wear. Uncontrolled stopping.

(Applications) Up to 3kW motors. Small machines which can start with maximum load, without mechanical problems (bearings, belts, chains). Small water pumps, compressors, fans, and conveyor belts.

Star/Delta Starter

(+) Good torque/current ratio. Starting current reduction. Relatively inexpensive starter.

(-) Low torque at the beginning. Power failure in changing. Motor connection with 6 connectors. No velocity regulation.

(Applications) Low power fans and... Continue reading "AC & DC Motor Types: Characteristics, Advantages, and Applications" »

Language Teaching Methods

The Classical Method

The Classical Method taught Latin and Greek through grammar, using authors like Donatus and Priscian. Education focused on classical languages, reading classical texts, and translating them into vernacular languages after the invention of the printing press in the 18th century. It employed a deductive methodology, aiming to improve literary skills and knowledge of the language.

Grammar-Translation Method

Originating in Prussia in the late 18th century, forerunners included Fick's English manual for Germans and the works of Ahn and Ollendorff. This method focused on teaching grammar and practicing translation of unconnected sentences using a deductive approach. The selection of phrases lacked logic,... Continue reading "A Comparison of Language Teaching Methodologies" »

Verb Tenses and Expressions in English

In this article, we will explore various verb tenses and expressions commonly used in English.

Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is used to express an action that occurred before another action in the past. For example, 'I wish I had studied more for the exam.'

Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences are used to express hypothetical situations. They can be formed using different verb tenses and expressions. For example, 'If I had more time, I would have gone to the party.'

Causative Verbs

Causative verbs are used to indicate that someone or something caused an action to happen. They are formed using the structure 'subject + have + object + verb (past participle)'. For example, 'She had her car repaired... Continue reading "Understanding Verb Tenses and Expressions in English" »

Business English Vocabulary

1. Accommodate needs: Satisfy needs
2. Achieve results: Attain results
3. Anticipate problems: Foresee problems
4. Facilitate cultural understanding: Promote cultural understanding
5. Generate enthusiasm: Create enthusiasm
6. Exchange information: Share information
7. Assess progress: Evaluate progress
8. Measure success: Quantify success

Word Associations

Targets/Objectives: 2

Progress/Productivity: 8

Special Request: 1

Development/Growth: 4

Ideas/Interest: 5

Knowledge/Points of view: 6

Potential Differences/Objections: 3

Performance/Situation: 7

Choose the Best Answer

1. Efficient 2. Entering/Access 3. Option 4. Transformed 5. Carried out 6. Process/Procedures 7. Means 8. Purpose 9. Energetic/Dynamic 10. Installed

Find the Noun Which Does Not Collocate

1.... Continue reading "Business English Vocabulary and Phrases" »