Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Economy

Orthodoxy

Under pressure from the IMF, Belaúnde was forced to reduce the budget, increase public utility rates, and devalue the national currency, the sol. Thus, the currency was worth less, and more had to be spent to import a product. The IMF measures resulted in a severe recession (contraction of demand), which impacted the citizens' finances. The poorer citizen consumes less and, as they consume less, pays less tax. In 1984, the Belaúnde government fell into arrears with the payment of its external debt.

Heterodox Program

The payment of external debt was limited to 10% of Peruvian exports. A new currency, the inti, was introduced, replacing the devalued sol. Basic prices, wages, and the exchange rate on the dollar were frozen. By avoiding

Spanish Economic Development: The Franco Era (1939-1975)

Post-War Stagnation and Recovery (1939-1959)

The long post-war period (1939-1959) brought great devastation and a high economic price to Spain. The country experienced stagnation and economic crisis for almost 20 years. The standard of living was significantly lower; it only returned to the 1935 level between 1953 and 1954. The economic hardship was not strictly due to war-related causes but also stemmed from Francoist policies that favored this depression.

Autarky Period (1939-1950)

This phase was characterized by two main policies:

• The desire for economic isolation from the outside world, limiting imports and exports.
• An emphasis on exploiting Spain's own resources.

To achieve this, the INI... Continue reading "Spain's Economy Under Franco: Autarky to Expansion (1939-1975)" »

The European Central Bank

The European Central Bank (ECB) was established on June 1, 1998, as an organ of the European Union's monetary policy sector and shift system. Headquartered in Frankfurt, its primary function is to maintain the purchasing power of the single currency and ensure price stability within the euro area.

Bodies of Government

Executive Committee

Implements monetary policy as defined by the Governing Council, working with national central banks.

Governing Council

The highest decision-making body for the ECB's monetary policy. It defines policy for the euro area.

General Council

Undertakes consultation and coordination tasks, particularly concerning the future expansion of the euro area.

Specific Functions

• Formulates the policies of the

The National Public Sector Component

• Public Administrations

  Central-territorial administration and Social Security. All of these are financed by taxes.

• Public Enterprises

  They achieve certain mission-critical goals for the country's economy.

• European Union Institutions

  The institutions of the EU affect Spain through regulations and funding.

Public Budgets: Income and Expenditure

The public sector determines each year what it will spend and what revenue it will generate. These income and expenditure plans are public budgets.

• General State Budgets

  A document approved annually by law that determines the amount the state can spend and the necessary revenue to finance that spending.

• Autonomous and Municipal Budgets

  Every regional government draws up its budget,

Understanding the Balance of Payments

The Balance of Payments (BOP) is a systematic record of all economic exchanges that take place between residents of a country and the rest of the world during a specific period. Its operations are grouped, depending on their nature, into three main sections, often referred to as sub-balances:

Current Account

This account reflects the movements of goods and services between a country and the rest of the world. It comprises:

• Balance of Trade: Records the value of all goods that residents of a country buy from and sell to other countries (exports and imports of merchandise).
• Balance of Services: Records the value of all services provided to residents of other countries and received from them (e.g., tourism, transport,

Monetary Policy Instruments and Central Bank Functions

Central banks in a modern economy have several key functions:

• Issuance of Legal Money: The creation of banknotes.
• State Banker: Providing treasury services and managing government debt.
• Bank of Banks: Custody of liquid reserves and lending to financial institutions.

The Bank of Spain, as a delegation of the ECB, lends to commercial banks to implement monetary policy and address liquidity issues.

• Supervision of the financial system, including intervention in poorly managed institutions.
• Management of foreign exchange reserves and gold.
• Central risk information and balances, assessing client loan history.

The European System of Central Banks (ESCB)

With the creation of the Economic and Monetary Union... Continue reading "Monetary Policy: Central Banks, ECB, and Financial System Operations" »

Spain's Economic Transformation

There was a new orientation of the economy as a result of the failure of autarky, advocated by the new technocratic governments. This economy was expressed in the Stabilization Plan, characterized by:

• Decrease of state intervention
• Momentum for foreign trade
• Promotion of foreign investment
• Convertibility of the peseta
• Elevation of interest rates and wage freezing

This was followed by Development Plans, which aimed to boost economic growth through structural measures and Development Poles.

Drivers of Economic Growth

Economic development occurred thanks to contributions from outside, which provided technology and capital investment, served as a market for production, absorbed surplus manpower, provided transfers from emigrants,... Continue reading "Spain's Economic & Social Transformation" »

Reserve System

Market: The Intersection of Supply and Demand

• Job Market:

  This comprises job offers from organizations in a specific location and time. Increased organizational presence leads to higher employment rates.

• Human Resources Market:

  This encompasses individuals employed in a specific location and time, categorized by specialization (e.g., lawyers, engineers, skilled workers).

Therefore, the Human Resources Market reflects the Labor Market; when one is abundant, the other is in demand, and vice versa.

Recruitment: A Proactive Approach

Recruitment involves actively inviting individuals from various organizations to participate in the selection process. This ensures a wider pool of applicants, leading to better choices.

External Recruitment:

Foundational Concepts in Marketing Strategy

Business Function

Defining *what*, *how*, *when*, and *to whom* products or services are sold for benefits, and controlling the adequacy of the results against projections made. A company increases its sales if it can:

• Be the first to meet a consumer need.
• Incorporate a technique that reduces production costs.
• Ensure higher quality.
• Reach a larger number of consumers.
• Convince consumers about the benefits of its products.

Marketing Plan

A document describing business objectives, action programs, required resources, and the timetable for carrying out each action. It must develop the following stages:

1. Analysis of the business environment (market study).
2. Defining marketing strategies (the marketing mix).

Market

The foreign trade balance. The current imbalances in international trade

China leads the last 20 years growing at an average rate of 10 percent annually and has hardly been affected by the great recession plaguing the world since 2007. It is therefore the main character and now we need the argument, which is none other than economic globalization. China has become the economy grows faster and is helping to further the transformation of economic structures with the opening of goods and capital markets and globalization. China saves 52 percent of the income it generates, while in the U.S. and saving for many years has been 0 percent. The success of China, is to become the world's factory, where export-oriented model. China's success places significant... Continue reading "The Impact of China's Trade Surplus on Global Economy" »