Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Economy

When talking about tourism you always come with ideas like luxurious hotels, incredibles views, relaxing spaces, Paradise and pure fun, this is idea when think in Puerto Colombia.Nobody think and talk about tourism is the risk that this entails, risks as destruction of environment, pollution, overpopulation, among many other risks that result in the development of a tourist destination, but not only can we that about the risks that making Puerto Colombia a tourist city, the risks that would have been tourism in this areas, risks such as losing a large volume of visitors, less investment in the structure of city, that bring as a result less economic income to the city. So that question arise what is better, to make Puerto Colombia tourist destination... Continue reading "The Risks and Benefits of Making Puerto Colombia a Tourist Destination" »

Chapter 18: International Pricing and Trade Mechanisms

Pricing Approaches and Objectives

• 1. Active Pricing Instrument: A company using this approach sets prices to achieve targeted returns on profit.
• 2. Static Pricing Element: A company following this approach places a low priority on foreign business.
• 10. Administered Pricing Goal: The end goal of all administered pricing activities is generally to reduce the impact of price competition or eliminate it.

Distribution and Market Control

• 3. Parallel Importing Condition: Exclusive distribution often encourages retailers to stock large assortments, which frequently creates a favorable condition for parallel importing.
• 11. Market Control Agreement: A cartel exists when various companies producing similar

Societal Issues in Global E-commerce

Understanding the pressures that global e-commerce places on contemporary society is critical to being successful in the e-commerce marketplace. The primary societal issues are intellectual property, individual privacy, and public policy.

Academic Disciplines Contributing to E-commerce

The study of e-commerce requires identifying and integrating knowledge from major academic disciplines. There are two primary approaches to e-commerce research: technical and behavioral. Each of these approaches is represented by several academic fields.

Technical Approaches to E-commerce

On the technical side, key contributing disciplines include:

• Computer Scientists: Interested in e-commerce as an application of Internet technology.

Chapter 1: Core Management & Business Fundamentals

Key Business Definitions

• Management: A set of activities designed to achieve an organization's goals by using available resources effectively and efficiently within a changing environment.
• Organization: A group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal.
• Resources: People, equipment, finances, and data used by organizations to achieve their common goals.
• Stakeholders: All individuals who can affect or are affected by an organization's goals or its means of reaching those goals.
• Profit: The financial gains collected by a company after achieving its goals.
  • Gross Profit: Total revenue minus the cost of goods sold.
  • Net Profit: Total revenue minus total costs.

Functions of a Manager

• Planning:

Regional Dynamics

Speculative Housing Bubbles

Regional Comparative Advantage

• Natural Advantages
• Employee Characteristics
• Access to Transportation
• Quality of Life

Base & Service Industries

Location Quotient (LQ) > 1 is a base industry, LQ < 1 is a service industry

Housing Supply

• Housing Starts
• Existing Home Sales

Local Supply Influences

• Interest Rates
• Zoning
• Building Codes
• Land Terrain

Neighborhood Influences

• Public Goods
• School Quality/Capitalization Effect
• Public Services Provided Relative to Taxes Paid

Sales Comparison (Market) Approach

The "subject" is the property being appraised. "Comparables" are recently sold, similar properties.

Estimate the value of the subject by adjusting the sales price of the comparable for any differences.

Subject Value Estimate... Continue reading "Real Estate Valuation and Analysis" »

Convertible Securities: An Overview

Convertible securities are financial instruments that offer investors the flexibility to convert them into a different form or type of security, typically common stock. These securities provide investors with the potential for both fixed income and equity returns.

Types of Convertible Securities

• Convertible Bonds: Bonds that can be exchanged for a predetermined number of shares of common stock.
• Convertible Preferred Stock: Preferred stock that can be converted into common stock.

Key Features of Convertible Securities

• Conversion Ratio: The number of shares of common stock an investor will receive if they exchange their convertible security.
• Conversion Price: The price at which the convertible security can be converted

Spain's Personal Income Tax (IRPF) Explained

Personal Income Tax in Spain, known as IRPF (Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas), represents nearly 38% of government revenues. Since 2007, the responsibility for regulating and collecting IRPF has been decentralized. Autonomous regions are responsible for collecting 50% of tax revenue, although all returns and amounts are actually received by the central tax authority on their behalf.

IRPF Rates and Collection

A single national rate applies per taxation band for the whole national portion of the income tax. Tax rates on the regional portion vary significantly between regions, with Madrid having the lowest and Catalonia the highest. Tax is withheld by the employer monthly on behalf of... Continue reading "Spain's Personal Income Tax (IRPF): Key Facts" »

Business Model Validation Steps

Successful business model validation typically involves four critical stages:

1. Problem Identification: Verify a customer segment experiencing a burning problem that they are willing to pay to fix.
2. Problem/Solution Fit: Verify a solution to their problem that they would buy right now if it were available.
3. Product/Market Fit: Verify a channel to reach customers for the sale and delivery of the solution.
4. Scalability: Verify that the business model can be scaled profitably and sustainably.

The Power of 'The Why' (Simon Sinek's Golden Circle)

Simon Sinek argues that most companies start backwards, focusing on ‘the how’ instead of ‘the why.’ Some organizations don’t even know why they do what they do. Companies like... Continue reading "Business Model Validation and Value Proposition Design" »

It affects the behavior of consumers in a broad sense such as, for example, prompting them to make decisions that they would not have otherwise adopted.