Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Competitive examination

1A. GRAMMAR

1.

1. older
2. never
3. that
4. have

2.

1. will have left
2. was playing
3. weighs

3.

1. hadn't destroyed
2. worrying
3. had sent
4. would buy

4.

1. won't be allowed into the theatre unless you've got a ticket
2. having my carpet cleaned at the moment
3. to buy a cake for the party
4. whose coat this is

VOCABULARY

1

1. boring
2. under
3. preparing
4. confident

2

1. donate
2. delay
3. depress
4. develop

3.

1. international
2. peaceful
3. responsible
4. innocent

4

1. respectful to their teachers
2. butterflies in my stomach
3. got married
4. protesters

READING

1. ABB
2. 1F2F3T4T
3. 1. deliberately
   2. architecture
   3. conquered
   4. culture
   5. popular
   6. temporary

1B GRAMMAR

1.

1. have won
2. will have to
3. will have finished
4. was being decorated

2

1. were watching
2. will have been playing
3. wouldn't have got
4. travelling

3

1. as tall as her cousin Joan
2. suggested going
3. the house where Charles Dickens was born
4. must have got very wet in the

Improvement methods:

1. Lean manufacturing is a system for maximizing product value. Six Sigma is a problem-solving methodology that uses its collection of tools to fix a specific project over a specific time period. All Six Sigma’s resources are targeted on this one project until the problem is fixed. While Lean Manufacturing encourages daily, general improvements, Six Sigma demands data-based, specific improvements for specific projects.

Six sigma:

Set of techniques and tools for process improvement. Their strategies seek to improve the quality of the output of a process by identifying and removing the causes of defects and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes.

The 6 Sigma method thus poses as a fundamental principle:... Continue reading "Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma: Methods for Quality Improvement" »

2.JAR (a):

1. In this poster I can see two women with a child looking from the window to their husbands that are going to the war.

2. The colors are darks, because the situation in very hard and sad.

3. Because is the important part in the message.

4. It means that men have to got war to fight for their country without a doubt.

5. The mother’s and the children. They are sad, because his father is going to war, but proud of him.

6. In the beginning of the war.

2.JAR (b):

1. Because in that period what women said was important in the family. I think that this is unfair, because they were using women.

2. They would be cowards (galdetu, cobarde). And a shame for their families.

3. To convince men to become soldiers to work in the name of England.

3.JAR:

1. Sometimes women were soldiers

Analysis Process Framework

When analyzing a company, we should divide the analysis in two points: External and Internal. The focus of these analyses is to find their main Strengths, Weaknesses (internal analysis), Opportunities, and Threats (external analysis). After research we can finally build our SWOT analysis of the company.

External:

• Trends = PESTLE - allows the company to make specific choices when planning the company's future, from how the brand should be presented, to any changes within the structure of the company's organization, to the development of new products.
• Sector = Porter’s 5 forces - Analytical model used to help identify the structure of an industry, and to help companies determine their competitive strategies.

Internal Analysis:

Definition of Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and the mind. The word 'psychology' comes from the Greek words 'psyche', meaning soul or breath, and 'logos', meaning study.

What Psychologists Do

• Clinical psychologists: Focus on diagnosing and treating psychological problems in clinics, hospitals, and private practice. Different from counseling psychologists who focus on prevention and specific adjustment issues.
• Applied psychologists: Apply psychology to practical problems in the real world. Examples include school psychologists, industrial/organizational psychologists, human factors psychologists, and sports psychologists.
• Research psychologists: Conduct experiments and work in universities, colleges, and research institutes.

Industrialization Strategies

Integral Industrialization

Followed in core countries, where all industries are industrialized. The pattern is to re-diversify the industry. The economy is articulated with a domestic market. Specialization is low, meaning it is very diversified.

Import Substitution Industrialization

Applied in the periphery, this involves industrialization to substitute imports. Countries industrialize to replace products they used to import. Income from basic products is used to develop industry.

Export Substitution Industrialization

Aims to replace the export basket. Focuses on exporting high-tech products to increase profits. These countries manage to acquire some technology transfers developed by multinationals.

Trade Policy Debates

Liberalism

Real-Time Bidding (RTB)

Definition

Buying and selling online ad impressions through real-time auctions, occurring as a webpage loads.

Return on Investment (ROI)

Definition

A performance measure evaluating investment efficiency.

Formula

ROI = (Current Value of Investment - Cost of Investment) / Cost of Investment

Quality Score

Definition

Google's rating of keyword and ad quality/relevance, impacting cost-per-click (CPC) and ad rank.

Negative Keywords

Definition

Keywords preventing ad display for specific searches.

Impressions

Definition

The number of times your content is displayed.

Call-to-Action (CTA)

Definition

A statement prompting an immediate response, guiding potential customers.

Conversion

Definition

A valuable website action beyond a simple visit, specific... Continue reading "Understanding Key PPC Metrics & Concepts" »

English Language Essentials: Numbers and Grammar

Numbers 1-100

• One
• Two
• Three
• Four
• Five
• Six
• Seven
• Eight
• Nine
• Ten
• Eleven
• Twelve
• Thirteen
• Fourteen
• Fifteen
• Sixteen
• Seventeen
• Eighteen
• Nineteen
• Twenty
• Thirty
• Forty
• Fifty
• Sixty
• Seventy
• Eighty
• Ninety
• One Hundred

Common Irregular Verbs: Present and Past Simple

Master these essential irregular verbs to improve your English fluency.

Present

Efficiency Ratios

Inventory Turnover

Determines if sales are sufficient to turn over or utilize inventory effectively. It indicates whether too much or insufficient inventory is being purchased.

Assets Turnover

A higher Assets Turnover Ratio (ATR) suggests that the company's management is utilizing its assets efficiently to generate sales.

Receivables Turnover

A higher receivables turnover indicates that a company is more efficient than its competitors in collecting its accounts receivables.

Profitability Ratios

Return on Sales (RoS)

"For every dollar sold, the company earns x profit." Measures operational efficiency.

Return on Equity (RoE)

"For every dollar invested by shareholders, the company earns x profit." Measures profitability relative to shareholders'... Continue reading "Key Financial Ratios for Business Performance Analysis" »

Golden circle:

This relates to the innovation. If a company is able to attract those who share its beliefs, it is also able to connect easier with innovators.

This is a graph made up of three circles, each inside the other. Each circle has a meaning and a way to apply it to our business efficiently.

We can explain the operation of the Golden Circle in such a way that while most companies ask themselves the answers to the question 'what' as their starting point, they are fully aware of the 'how', but very few companies are clear about the 'why'.

The 'what' responds to what we do and what we want to do. The 'how' responds to the processes through which we carry out our actions, and the 'why' would respond to the reason why we develop our business.... Continue reading "The Golden Circle: Driving Innovation and Quality Management" »