Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Competitive examination

Heart Rate and Cardiovascular Health

Heart rate is the number of times that the heart beats per minute. A normal resting heart rate typically ranges between 60-90 beats per minute (bpm). The maximum heart rate for women is 226, while for men and boys, it is 220. We can measure the heart rate using fingers on the wrist or neck after exercise by counting for 10 seconds and multiplying by 6 (10s x 6).

The Importance of Warming Up

A warm-up consists of moderate and progressive exercises performed before a more intense effort. The objectives of the warm-up are to avoid the risk of injuries during the effort and to prepare us physically, physiologically, and psychologically for the following activity.

The Four Systems of a Warm-Up

• First: The cardiovascular

The Interwar Period and the Road to War

After World War I, the United States imposed the Dawes Plan on Germany. This was a series of economic measures involving loans aimed at increasing the value of the German mark during the Roaring Twenties. However, several factors led to renewed conflict:

• Nationalist Discontent: Italy and Germany were dissatisfied with the post-war order.
• The Treaty of Versailles: This treaty obligated territorial changes, which later influenced the conquest of Poland and Czechoslovakia.
• Diplomatic Tensions: Italy was discontented with the Triple Entente regarding promised territories like Abyssinia.
• Economic Protectionism: During the Great Depression, European governments adopted protectionist policies to reduce imports.
• Expansionism:

Topic Vocabulary - 6: Environment

Carbon footprint | Eco-friendly | Environment | Fossil fuels | Global warming | Greenhouse gases | Landfill site | Recycle | Rubbish dump | Separate rubbish | Sustainable development | Waste disposal

Words in the text: Grow

grow (verb) | grow food - cultivar | grows very well - crecen bien | growing - número | grow up - madurar | growing boy | growing (problem) - que crece | growth | it's growing on me - te va gustando poco a poco

Describing Processes and Quantities

get (+adjective) - se esta poniendo | lack - falta de algo | lead to - llevar a | rise - global warming is rising | trend - popular

Topic Vocabulary - 7: Consumerism

advertise (verb) | advertiser (publicista) | advertising (publicidad) | ban | bombarded

Lickwood Means Rewind, a Gunshot Means Forward

You Requested It So We Rewind

Yeah
Way, way, way up
Turn it all up
Yeah
Look

I got enemies, got a lot of enemies
Got a lot of people tryin' to drain me of my energy
They tryin' to take the wave from a nigga
Fuckin' with the kid and pray for your nigga

I got girls in real life tryin' to mess up my day
Fuck goin' online that ain't part of my day
I got real shit poppin' with my family too
I got niggas that can never leave Canada too
I got 2 mortgages, thirty million in total
I got niggas that'll still try fuckin' me over
I got rap niggas that I gotta act like I like
But my actin' days are over, fuck them niggas for life, yeah

I got enemies, got a lot of enemies
Got a lot of people tryin' to drain me of... Continue reading "Drake Enemies Lyrics: Decoding the Meaning" »

Listening Comprehension Exercises

1. The Amazon Rainforest

• The speaker: The Amazon is one.
• It is difficult: There is too much.
• It is a good: He can help.
• You will be: Humid.
• The best clothes: Trousers and shirts with...
• You should wear: Protection against insects.
• In those jungles: Some...
• The best you: To get up.

2. Competition and Teamwork

• The IYR: Three times.
• Jenny won: One year.
• In the competition: Receives.
• All the teams: Follow no orders.
• To be chosen: National.
• Teamwork: Is as important.
• Two years ago: Didn’t have.
• Last year: Build the robot.

3. Consumer Sales and Markets

• Customers: Might...
• The items: Looked like...
• Melany: A doll and...
• In the UK: At weekends.
• In America these sales take place: Garages.
• Car-boot: Everyone.
• In America these sales are: Meet

Chemical Reactions

occurring at low temperatures are
                _______low______ than reaction rates of chemical reactions occurring at high
temperatures.

40. Increasing pressure causes gas particles to             ______collide_______________. This
                ________increases______________ the reaction rate of a chemical reaction.

41. All reactions require    ___activation energy___________ for chemical bonds to begin breaking.

Advantages of International Trade

• Comparative Advantage: Specializing in goods with a lower opportunity cost increases economic welfare for all nations. Free trade allows countries to focus on their comparative advantage.
• Increased Exports: Beyond consumer benefits, firms exporting goods gain significant economic welfare. Lower tariffs on exports boost job creation and economic growth.
• Economies of Scale: Specialization allows industries with high fixed costs to benefit from economies of scale, leading to lower average costs, reduced consumer prices, and greater firm efficiency.
• Increased Competition: International trade forces domestic firms to compete with foreign entities, incentivizing cost-cutting and efficiency while preventing domestic monopolies

The Freedmen's Bureau and Its Legacy

• Established by Congress.
• Served as an early welfare agency.
• Led by General Oliver O. Howard.
• Achieved significant success in education, teaching formerly enslaved people to read.
• Suffered from poor land distribution policies (the promise of "40 acres and a mule" was largely unfulfilled).

Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan (10% Plan)

• A key Reconstruction plan proposed by President Lincoln.
• Required 10% of the state's voters from the 1860 election to take an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and abide by emancipation.

The Black Codes: Regulating Freedmen's Lives

• Laws enacted in the South to regulate the affairs of freed Black citizens.
• Designed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force.
• Severely oppressed the ideal of freedom

Introduction

In the early 2000s, the mantra of the television future was"whatever show you want, whenever you want, on whatever screen you want" However, the predicted death of television never came to pass. Instead, the industry has undergone a profound transformation, driven by new technologies and changing consumer habits.

The Rise of Digital Video

The advent of digital video recorders (DVRs) and streaming services has given viewers more control over their viewing experience. They can now circumvent scheduling constraints and commercials, and watch their favorite shows on demand.

The Fragmentation of Audiences

As a result of these changes, television has become increasingly individualized. Viewers are no longer bound to the same schedules and... Continue reading "The Evolution of Television: From Mass Medium to Fragmented Audiences" »

The Historical Impact of Latin on English Vocabulary

Latin Influence via Celtic Transmission

When the English migrated from the Continent to Britain in the mid-fifth century, they found the island already inhabited. Celtic people had been there for many centuries. Despite the long Roman occupation, the British Celts continued to speak their own language.

However, the relations between the Celts and the English were such that the Latin influence of this period remains the slightest of all influences that Old English owed to contact with Roman civilization.

The Christianization of Britain (597 AD)

The greatest influence of Latin upon Old English was occasioned by the reintroduction of Christianity into Britain in 597. The leader of this band was St.... Continue reading "The Historical Impact of Latin on the English Language Vocabulary" »