Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Competitive examination

Modals

Present

• Advice: OUGHT TO EAT/ SHOULD VISIT/ SHOULDN’T EAT/ MUST WATCH
• Obligation: MUST STUDY/ HAS TO HELP
• Absence of obligation/necessity: DON’T HAVE TO GO/ NEEDN’T WEAR
• Prohibition: CAN’T SMOKE / MUSTN’T TAKE

Past

• Regret, criticism, or past advice: SHOULD HAVE ASKED /SHOULDN’T HAVE LEFT/ OUGHT TO HAVE TOLD
• Past obligation: HAD TO SAVE
• No past necessity: NEEDN’T HAVE RUSHED
• Absence of past obligation: DIDN’T HAVE TO GIVE/ DIDN’T NEED TO GO

Present Deduction

• Possibility or speculation: COULD RAIN/ MAY BE/ MIGHT NOT BE
• Affirmative deduction: MUST BE
• Negative deduction: CAN’T BE

Past Deduction

• Past possibility: MAY HAVE LEFT/ MIGHT HAVE GIVEN
• Past possibility that didn’t happen: COULD HAVE MADE
• Logical conclusion about a past action:

X11A

a) pretty much; b) junk; c) consumed; d) copious

3. a) Michael Phelps said that he could eat pretty much whatever he wanted.

b) Phelps could improve his diet if he included some fruit or salad.

c) Contrary to the copious breakfast which Phelps eats…

d) He may have met Michael Phelps there.

X11B

a) anticipate; b) exhibit; c) symptoms; d) commands

3. a) The writer advises us not to leave tempting shoes, clothing, or children’s toys within reach of our dog.

b) Perhaps his appetite won’t be good.

c) If you allow him to do something one time, don’t forbid it another.

d) Our pet must be taught manners.

S11A

. a) volunteer; b) aspiring ; c) keen on d) expand

3. a) The writer asks if responsible learners volunteer to clean the blackboard and if they... Continue reading "Vocabulary Building: Exercises and Explanations" »

1.2 Organization of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM)

The SSM comprises the ECB and the National Competent Authorities of the participating Member States. The ECB is responsible for the effectiveness and consistency of its operations.

For the organization of the supervisory function, credit institutions have been classified as "significant" and "less significant". The criteria for this classification are based on the size of each institution, its economic importance, the volume of its operations, and whether it receives financial assistance. In Spain, many institutions are integrated into 12 groups classified as significant. Smaller-sized banks, saving banks, and rural saving banks have been classified as less significant.

The ECB supervises... Continue reading "Organization of the SSM and Banco de España" »

Vocabulary

1.

• 1. Trash
• 2. Voyage
• 3. Avoid
• 4. Landfills
• 5. Shortcut
• 6. Amount
• 7. Harmful
• 8. Halfway
• 9. A drop in the ocean

2.

1. E
2. F
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. B

3.

1. Carbon footprint
2. Renewable energy
3. Litter
4. Fuel

Grammar

4.

1. Could do / Could have done
2. Shouldn’t wear
3. May / Can / Could … have
4. Can’t believe
5. May / Might not have seen
6. Needn’t / Don’t have to pay

5.

1. Susan shouldn’t / needn’t have brought so many bottles. / Susan didn’t have to bring so many bottles.
2. Otherwise, I would have mentioned it.
3. That’s why I didn’t have to get up so early.
4. Could / Can we give you a lift?

6.

1. We had better leave immediately.
2. He shouldn’t wear pale colors.
3. You had better not say a word to anyone!

Vocabulary

1.

1. Went bald
2. Picked up
3. Ingest
4. Inhabit
5. Used up
6. Emits
7. Fool

2.

1. Caught the waiter’s eye
2. Pick up so many languages
3. Cut

International Market Selection: A Systematic Approach

Expansive Approach

Firms gradually move into international markets, starting with markets similar to their domestic market. This approach reduces perceived risk and information requirements.

• Lower cultural distance: increased confidence
• Lower costs associated with unfamiliar markets

Screening Approach

Involves systematically filtering the global market using criteria to identify the most suitable market for the firm.

Aim: Identify the market with the greatest marketing opportunity.

Stages of Screening Approach

Stage 1: Initial Screening

Objective: Identify national markets for further analysis.

Stage 2: Analysis of Potential Sales for an Industry in Country

Consider:

• Forecast of future sales
• Minimum scale
• Transport

be - was, were - been - ser o estar

fight - fought - fought - luchar

beat - beat - beaten - golpear - find - found - found - encontrar

become - became - become - llegar a ser - fly - flew - flown - volar

being - began - begun - empezar - forget - forgot - forgotten - olvidar

bend - bent - bent - doblarse - forgive - forgave - forgiven - perdonar

bet - bet - bet - apostar - freeze - froze - frozen - congelar

bite - bit - bitten - morder - get - got - got - conseguir

bleed - bled - bled - sangrar - give - gave - given - dar

blow - blew - blown - soplar - go - went - gone - ir

break - broke - broken - romper - grow - grew - grown - crecer

bring - brought - brought - traer - hang - hung - hung - colgar

build - built - built - construir - have - had - had -... Continue reading "Common Irregular Verbs in English with Examples" »

Verb Tenses and Expressions in English

In this article, we will explore various verb tenses and expressions commonly used in English.

Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is used to express an action that occurred before another action in the past. For example, 'I wish I had studied more for the exam.'

Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences are used to express hypothetical situations. They can be formed using different verb tenses and expressions. For example, 'If I had more time, I would have gone to the party.'

Causative Verbs

Causative verbs are used to indicate that someone or something caused an action to happen. They are formed using the structure 'subject + have + object + verb (past participle)'. For example, 'She had her car repaired... Continue reading "Understanding Verb Tenses and Expressions in English" »

Clear L

Before vowels, in word initial, word medial (leave, let, feel, it, will, you, silly, yellow)

Fully Devoiced

Unvoiced plosives in accented syllables PTK + L (play, please, close)

Partially Devoiced

Unvoiced plosives in unaccented syllables (butler, antler, clarinet) unvoiced fricatives + L (fling, flow, half)

Dark L

Final position, after vowel (feel, fill, call) after a vowel, before a consonant (help, cold, milk)

R

Final position link with the following word beginning with a vowel (far, way, for, all)

Fully voiced: followed by a vowel (raet, red)

Fully devoiced: accented unvoiced plosives + R (price, cry, try)

Partially devoiced: fricative or voiced plosive (fry, free)

Linking J

/i:, i, ei, ai, oi/ + vowel (enjoy it, me and you)

Linking W

/u, u:, au,... Continue reading "English Phonetics: Voicing and Articulation" »

Core Linguistic Concepts

• Coherence: A network of relations that organizes and creates a text, underlying the surface structure.
• Cohesion: A network of surface relations linking words and expressions within a text.
• Implicature: The study of how we understand more than what is explicitly stated.
• Text: The verbal record of a communicative event, focusing on intended meaning rather than literal interpretation.
• Pragmatics: The study of language in context, focusing on how people actually speak.
• Reference: The relationship between a word and its referent in the real or imaginary world.

Understanding Cognates

• Cognates: Words that look and sound similar in two languages with the same meaning.
• False Cognates: Words that look and sound similar but have completely

1. Swollen udders are commonly hot with mastitis; they can be PAINFUL and

leak pus.

2. The patient was shouting all the time he was extremely IS IN PAIN.

3. The pregnant woman was suffering a lot, she asked for an EPIDURAL

injection.

4. The nurse could not COPE WITH with the situation, she asked the doctor to

interfere.

5. There are two units in the hospital on either side, on both floors, divided by

a CENTRAL hall and staircase.

6. I am COUGHING all the day, I think I need to drink some milk and honey to

get better.

7. The teacher is not coming today because she-FELS SICK she will be

absent the whole week.

8. The newborn baby is constantly crying the doctor says he was born

withGAS AND AIR in the intestines, maybe his mother drunk a lot of cola

when she... Continue reading "What happened to a man who had to clean the liver" »