Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Competitive examination

Clear L

Before vowels, in word initial, word medial (leave, let, feel, it, will, you, silly, yellow)

Fully Devoiced

Unvoiced plosives in accented syllables PTK + L (play, please, close)

Partially Devoiced

Unvoiced plosives in unaccented syllables (butler, antler, clarinet) unvoiced fricatives + L (fling, flow, half)

Dark L

Final position, after vowel (feel, fill, call) after a vowel, before a consonant (help, cold, milk)

R

Final position link with the following word beginning with a vowel (far, way, for, all)

Fully voiced: followed by a vowel (raet, red)

Fully devoiced: accented unvoiced plosives + R (price, cry, try)

Partially devoiced: fricative or voiced plosive (fry, free)

Linking J

/i:, i, ei, ai, oi/ + vowel (enjoy it, me and you)

Linking W

/u, u:, au,... Continue reading "English Phonetics: Voicing and Articulation" »

1. Swollen udders are commonly hot with mastitis; they can be PAINFUL and

leak pus.

2. The patient was shouting all the time he was extremely IS IN PAIN.

3. The pregnant woman was suffering a lot, she asked for an EPIDURAL

injection.

4. The nurse could not COPE WITH with the situation, she asked the doctor to

interfere.

5. There are two units in the hospital on either side, on both floors, divided by

a CENTRAL hall and staircase.

6. I am COUGHING all the day, I think I need to drink some milk and honey to

get better.

7. The teacher is not coming today because she-FELS SICK she will be

absent the whole week.

8. The newborn baby is constantly crying the doctor says he was born

withGAS AND AIR in the intestines, maybe his mother drunk a lot of cola

when she... Continue reading "What happened to a man who had to clean the liver" »

Present Simple (Yo voy)

He/She/It - goes (Do/Does?)

Habit or routine, general truth

• Always
• Usually
• Generally
• Regularly
• At night
• In the morning
• Every week

Present Continuous (Estoy jugando)

am/is/are + -ING

Action which is happening now, temporary action

• Now
• Right now
• At the moment
• Today
• This month
• Next day

Past Simple (Caminé)

-ED / 2nd col. (Did?)

Completed action in the past

• Yesterday
• Last week
• A year ago
• In 2007
• When

Past Continuous (Estaba estudiando)

was/were + -ING

An incomplete action in progress in the past

• Last night/week
• When
• While
• As

Present Perfect Simple (He trabajado)

have/has + -ED/2nd col.

An action that began in the past and continues until the present

• Ever
• Never
• Already
• Just
• Yet
• Recently
• For
• Since
• In recent years

Past Perfect Simple (Yo había llegado)

Had + -ED

A completed... Continue reading "English Verb Tenses Cheat Sheet" »

Cultural Dimensions of Spain

Power Distance

Power Distance refers to the extent to which individuals in a society accept and expect unequal distribution of power. Spain has a high score (57) on this dimension, indicating a hierarchical society where people accept a clear hierarchy without question.

Individualism

Individualist societies emphasize self-reliance and independence, while collectivist societies prioritize group loyalty and support. Spain is considered collectivist (score: 51), making Spaniards more comfortable interacting with non-European cultures and fostering teamwork in the workplace.

Masculinity

Masculine societies value competition, achievement, and success, while feminine societies prioritize caring and quality of life. Spain scores... Continue reading "Cultural Dimensions of Spain: A Comprehensive Analysis" »

Heart Rate and Cardiovascular Health

Heart rate is the number of times that the heart beats per minute. A normal resting heart rate typically ranges between 60-90 beats per minute (bpm). The maximum heart rate for women is 226, while for men and boys, it is 220. We can measure the heart rate using fingers on the wrist or neck after exercise by counting for 10 seconds and multiplying by 6 (10s x 6).

The Importance of Warming Up

A warm-up consists of moderate and progressive exercises performed before a more intense effort. The objectives of the warm-up are to avoid the risk of injuries during the effort and to prepare us physically, physiologically, and psychologically for the following activity.

The Four Systems of a Warm-Up

• First: The cardiovascular

The Interwar Period and the Road to War

After World War I, the United States imposed the Dawes Plan on Germany. This was a series of economic measures involving loans aimed at increasing the value of the German mark during the Roaring Twenties. However, several factors led to renewed conflict:

• Nationalist Discontent: Italy and Germany were dissatisfied with the post-war order.
• The Treaty of Versailles: This treaty obligated territorial changes, which later influenced the conquest of Poland and Czechoslovakia.
• Diplomatic Tensions: Italy was discontented with the Triple Entente regarding promised territories like Abyssinia.
• Economic Protectionism: During the Great Depression, European governments adopted protectionist policies to reduce imports.
• Expansionism:

Topic Vocabulary - 6: Environment

Carbon footprint | Eco-friendly | Environment | Fossil fuels | Global warming | Greenhouse gases | Landfill site | Recycle | Rubbish dump | Separate rubbish | Sustainable development | Waste disposal

Words in the text: Grow

grow (verb) | grow food - cultivar | grows very well - crecen bien | growing - número | grow up - madurar | growing boy | growing (problem) - que crece | growth | it's growing on me - te va gustando poco a poco

Describing Processes and Quantities

get (+adjective) - se esta poniendo | lack - falta de algo | lead to - llevar a | rise - global warming is rising | trend - popular

Topic Vocabulary - 7: Consumerism

advertise (verb) | advertiser (publicista) | advertising (publicidad) | ban | bombarded

Lickwood Means Rewind, a Gunshot Means Forward

You Requested It So We Rewind

Yeah
Way, way, way up
Turn it all up
Yeah
Look

I got enemies, got a lot of enemies
Got a lot of people tryin' to drain me of my energy
They tryin' to take the wave from a nigga
Fuckin' with the kid and pray for your nigga

I got girls in real life tryin' to mess up my day
Fuck goin' online that ain't part of my day
I got real shit poppin' with my family too
I got niggas that can never leave Canada too
I got 2 mortgages, thirty million in total
I got niggas that'll still try fuckin' me over
I got rap niggas that I gotta act like I like
But my actin' days are over, fuck them niggas for life, yeah

I got enemies, got a lot of enemies
Got a lot of people tryin' to drain me of... Continue reading "Drake Enemies Lyrics: Decoding the Meaning" »

Listening Comprehension Exercises

1. The Amazon Rainforest

• The speaker: The Amazon is one.
• It is difficult: There is too much.
• It is a good: He can help.
• You will be: Humid.
• The best clothes: Trousers and shirts with...
• You should wear: Protection against insects.
• In those jungles: Some...
• The best you: To get up.

2. Competition and Teamwork

• The IYR: Three times.
• Jenny won: One year.
• In the competition: Receives.
• All the teams: Follow no orders.
• To be chosen: National.
• Teamwork: Is as important.
• Two years ago: Didn’t have.
• Last year: Build the robot.

3. Consumer Sales and Markets

• Customers: Might...
• The items: Looked like...
• Melany: A doll and...
• In the UK: At weekends.
• In America these sales take place: Garages.
• Car-boot: Everyone.
• In America these sales are: Meet

Chemical Reactions

occurring at low temperatures are
                _______low______ than reaction rates of chemical reactions occurring at high
temperatures.

40. Increasing pressure causes gas particles to             ______collide_______________. This
                ________increases______________ the reaction rate of a chemical reaction.

41. All reactions require    ___activation energy___________ for chemical bonds to begin breaking.