Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Competitive examination

1.2 Organization of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM)

The SSM comprises the ECB and the National Competent Authorities of the participating Member States. The ECB is responsible for the effectiveness and consistency of its operations.

For the organization of the supervisory function, credit institutions have been classified as "significant" and "less significant". The criteria for this classification are based on the size of each institution, its economic importance, the volume of its operations, and whether it receives financial assistance. In Spain, many institutions are integrated into 12 groups classified as significant. Smaller-sized banks, saving banks, and rural saving banks have been classified as less significant.

The ECB supervises... Continue reading "Organization of the SSM and Banco de España" »

Vocabulary

1.

• 1. Trash
• 2. Voyage
• 3. Avoid
• 4. Landfills
• 5. Shortcut
• 6. Amount
• 7. Harmful
• 8. Halfway
• 9. A drop in the ocean

2.

1. E
2. F
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. B

3.

1. Carbon footprint
2. Renewable energy
3. Litter
4. Fuel

Grammar

4.

1. Could do / Could have done
2. Shouldn’t wear
3. May / Can / Could … have
4. Can’t believe
5. May / Might not have seen
6. Needn’t / Don’t have to pay

5.

1. Susan shouldn’t / needn’t have brought so many bottles. / Susan didn’t have to bring so many bottles.
2. Otherwise, I would have mentioned it.
3. That’s why I didn’t have to get up so early.
4. Could / Can we give you a lift?

6.

1. We had better leave immediately.
2. He shouldn’t wear pale colors.
3. You had better not say a word to anyone!

Vocabulary

1.

1. Went bald
2. Picked up
3. Ingest
4. Inhabit
5. Used up
6. Emits
7. Fool

2.

1. Caught the waiter’s eye
2. Pick up so many languages
3. Cut

International Market Selection: A Systematic Approach

Expansive Approach

Firms gradually move into international markets, starting with markets similar to their domestic market. This approach reduces perceived risk and information requirements.

• Lower cultural distance: increased confidence
• Lower costs associated with unfamiliar markets

Screening Approach

Involves systematically filtering the global market using criteria to identify the most suitable market for the firm.

Aim: Identify the market with the greatest marketing opportunity.

Stages of Screening Approach

Stage 1: Initial Screening

Objective: Identify national markets for further analysis.

Stage 2: Analysis of Potential Sales for an Industry in Country

Consider:

• Forecast of future sales
• Minimum scale
• Transport

be - was, were - been - ser o estar

fight - fought - fought - luchar

beat - beat - beaten - golpear - find - found - found - encontrar

become - became - become - llegar a ser - fly - flew - flown - volar

being - began - begun - empezar - forget - forgot - forgotten - olvidar

bend - bent - bent - doblarse - forgive - forgave - forgiven - perdonar

bet - bet - bet - apostar - freeze - froze - frozen - congelar

bite - bit - bitten - morder - get - got - got - conseguir

bleed - bled - bled - sangrar - give - gave - given - dar

blow - blew - blown - soplar - go - went - gone - ir

break - broke - broken - romper - grow - grew - grown - crecer

bring - brought - brought - traer - hang - hung - hung - colgar

build - built - built - construir - have - had - had -... Continue reading "Common Irregular Verbs in English with Examples" »

Verb Tenses and Expressions in English

In this article, we will explore various verb tenses and expressions commonly used in English.

Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is used to express an action that occurred before another action in the past. For example, 'I wish I had studied more for the exam.'

Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences are used to express hypothetical situations. They can be formed using different verb tenses and expressions. For example, 'If I had more time, I would have gone to the party.'

Causative Verbs

Causative verbs are used to indicate that someone or something caused an action to happen. They are formed using the structure 'subject + have + object + verb (past participle)'. For example, 'She had her car repaired... Continue reading "Understanding Verb Tenses and Expressions in English" »

Clear L

Before vowels, in word initial, word medial (leave, let, feel, it, will, you, silly, yellow)

Fully Devoiced

Unvoiced plosives in accented syllables PTK + L (play, please, close)

Partially Devoiced

Unvoiced plosives in unaccented syllables (butler, antler, clarinet) unvoiced fricatives + L (fling, flow, half)

Dark L

Final position, after vowel (feel, fill, call) after a vowel, before a consonant (help, cold, milk)

R

Final position link with the following word beginning with a vowel (far, way, for, all)

Fully voiced: followed by a vowel (raet, red)

Fully devoiced: accented unvoiced plosives + R (price, cry, try)

Partially devoiced: fricative or voiced plosive (fry, free)

Linking J

/i:, i, ei, ai, oi/ + vowel (enjoy it, me and you)

Linking W

/u, u:, au,... Continue reading "English Phonetics: Voicing and Articulation" »

1. Swollen udders are commonly hot with mastitis; they can be PAINFUL and

leak pus.

2. The patient was shouting all the time he was extremely IS IN PAIN.

3. The pregnant woman was suffering a lot, she asked for an EPIDURAL

injection.

4. The nurse could not COPE WITH with the situation, she asked the doctor to

interfere.

5. There are two units in the hospital on either side, on both floors, divided by

a CENTRAL hall and staircase.

6. I am COUGHING all the day, I think I need to drink some milk and honey to

get better.

7. The teacher is not coming today because she-FELS SICK she will be

absent the whole week.

8. The newborn baby is constantly crying the doctor says he was born

withGAS AND AIR in the intestines, maybe his mother drunk a lot of cola

when she... Continue reading "What happened to a man who had to clean the liver" »

Present Simple (Yo voy)

He/She/It - goes (Do/Does?)

Habit or routine, general truth

• Always
• Usually
• Generally
• Regularly
• At night
• In the morning
• Every week

Present Continuous (Estoy jugando)

am/is/are + -ING

Action which is happening now, temporary action

• Now
• Right now
• At the moment
• Today
• This month
• Next day

Past Simple (Caminé)

-ED / 2nd col. (Did?)

Completed action in the past

• Yesterday
• Last week
• A year ago
• In 2007
• When

Past Continuous (Estaba estudiando)

was/were + -ING

An incomplete action in progress in the past

• Last night/week
• When
• While
• As

Present Perfect Simple (He trabajado)

have/has + -ED/2nd col.

An action that began in the past and continues until the present

• Ever
• Never
• Already
• Just
• Yet
• Recently
• For
• Since
• In recent years

Past Perfect Simple (Yo había llegado)

Had + -ED

A completed... Continue reading "English Verb Tenses Cheat Sheet" »

Cultural Dimensions of Spain

Power Distance

Power Distance refers to the extent to which individuals in a society accept and expect unequal distribution of power. Spain has a high score (57) on this dimension, indicating a hierarchical society where people accept a clear hierarchy without question.

Individualism

Individualist societies emphasize self-reliance and independence, while collectivist societies prioritize group loyalty and support. Spain is considered collectivist (score: 51), making Spaniards more comfortable interacting with non-European cultures and fostering teamwork in the workplace.

Masculinity

Masculine societies value competition, achievement, and success, while feminine societies prioritize caring and quality of life. Spain scores... Continue reading "Cultural Dimensions of Spain: A Comprehensive Analysis" »

Topic Vocabulary - 6: Environment

Carbon footprint | Eco-friendly | Environment | Fossil fuels | Global warming | Greenhouse gases | Landfill site | Recycle | Rubbish dump | Separate rubbish | Sustainable development | Waste disposal

Words in the text: Grow

grow (verb) | grow food - cultivar | grows very well - crecen bien | growing - número | grow up - madurar | growing boy | growing (problem) - que crece | growth | it's growing on me - te va gustando poco a poco

Describing Processes and Quantities

get (+adjective) - se esta poniendo | lack - falta de algo | lead to - llevar a | rise - global warming is rising | trend - popular

Topic Vocabulary - 7: Consumerism

advertise (verb) | advertiser (publicista) | advertising (publicidad) | ban | bombarded