Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Chemistry

Sort by
Subject
Level

Comprehensive Vocabulary Guide: Definitions and Examples

Classified in Chemistry

Written on in English with a size of 2.73 KB

C

Circumnavigate

To sail or travel all the way around.

Citadel

A fortress defending a city.

Clandestine

Concealed or secret for an evil purpose.

Classic

Of the highest quality.

Cleave

To cling.

Climatic

Having to do with the climate.

Cloister

Covered walk, with columns on one side.

Clone

An exact duplicate.

Clout

A blow.

Cloy

To cause to feel too full when eating; overly sweet.

Coddle

To baby.

Cogitate

To ponder.

Cohort

A group.

Commemorate

To honor the memory of.

Commiserate

To express sorrow or sympathy for.

Commodious

Spacious, roomy.

Compatible

Harmonious.

Competent

Capable.

Compile

To gather together.

Comply

To act or be in accordance with.

Composed

Calm.

Compromise

A settlement of differences in which each side gives up something.

Compunction

Remorse.

Concave

Curved inward.

Concede

To

... Continue reading "Comprehensive Vocabulary Guide: Definitions and Examples" »

Chemical Reactions and Their Impact on Industry

Classified in Chemistry

Written on in English with a size of 3.52 KB

Chemical Change vs. Phase Change

Chemical change: Produces new substances that didn't exist before.

Phase change: The substance remains the same before and after the process.

Dissolving: It is only a homogeneous mixture; no new substances appear.

Identifying Chemical Changes

How do we know if a chemical change is occurring?

  • Gas release: Gases may not be visible; we identify them by bubbles in a liquid.
  • Color change
  • Thermal energy change
  • Energy release as light

Understanding Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction occurs when the starting substances, called reactants, transform into other new substances, called products.

The appearance of new substances is due to the rearrangement of the reactant's atoms, forming the products. The information about a chemical... Continue reading "Chemical Reactions and Their Impact on Industry" »

Divergence in the upper air results, near the surface in: atpl

Classified in Chemistry

Written on in English with a size of 4.78 KB

Ozone (O3 ) is a made with three oxygen atoms; it is very unstable and has a short lifetime. At room Temperature and pressure has acrid odour and no colour, although at high concentration levels can turn Into blue. At high concentrations can be toxic and can cause death. It s not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. VOC + NOx + sunlight tropospheric O3Particulate Matter (PM) "Particulate matter," also known as particle pollution or PM, is a complex mixture of extremely small Particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic... Continue reading "Divergence in the upper air results, near the surface in: atpl" »

Coh3 chemical name

Classified in Chemistry

Written on in English with a size of 3.17 KB

CHEMISTRY 

 Atom 
An atom is the smallest  stable unit of matter 

Element 
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom.
There are about 120 elements , so 120 different atoms exist.

In the periodic table the elements are organized in rows.
The vertical columns are called groups
The horizontal rows are called periods. 
Li, Na and k are in the same group 
N , O , F are in the same period. 
If the elements are in the same group they have the same number of electrons in the outer shell.
This elements in their same groups can have similar chemical and physical  properties. 

Some groups have specific names :

Group 1 elements : are named ALKALI 
Group 2 elements : ALKALI EARTH METALS
Group 7 elements : HALOGEN 
Group 0 elements : NOBLE
... Continue reading "Coh3 chemical name" »

Structure and Properties of Atoms and Molecules

Classified in Chemistry

Written on in English with a size of 21.38 KB

  1. Structure of an atom -  An atom is composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons. The entire mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus which is at the centre.

    1. Protons - Protons are the positively charged particles which are present in the nucleus of an atom.

    2. Neutrons - Neutrons are the particles in an atom that have a neutral charge. 

    3. Electrons - An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle that can be either bound to an atom or free

    4. Atomic Mass (what it represents) - The atomic number refers to the number of protons in the atom's nucleus, 

    5. Atomic Number (what it represents) - The atomic mass of an element represent the average total mass of its neutrons, protons, and electrons

  2. Standard Atomic Notation

    1. How to determine how many neutrons,

... Continue reading "Structure and Properties of Atoms and Molecules" »

Characteristics of Life, Cell Theory, and Atomic Structure

Classified in Chemistry

Written on in English with a size of 3.31 KB

Three major characteristics of life

1.Energy 2.Cells 3.Information
4.Replication 5.Evolution

The cell theory

All organisms are made of cells and come from pre-existing cells

Three major domains of life

Archaea, Bacteria-Prokaryotic microorganism, single-celled whose cells have no nucleus
Eukarya

Adaptation

A trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment
Genus-Made up of a closely related group of species
Species-made up of individuals who regularly breed together

Atoms are composed of

Protons-Positive
Neutrons-Neutral
Electrons-Negative

Atomic number-atoms with the same atomic number, have the same chemical properties, belong to the same element(Is on bottom and represents the number of protons)

Mass Number-

number of protons
... Continue reading "Characteristics of Life, Cell Theory, and Atomic Structure" »

Coh3 chemical name

Classified in Chemistry

Written on in English with a size of 5.92 KB

Ductility: Able to undergo change of form without breaking

·Malleability: capable of being shaped, as by Hammering or pressing:

·Density (give an Example): a measurement of how Tightly matter is crammed together. Example: Oil floats on vinegar because Its density is less.


  • Chemical properties of matter (give an Example): Are any of the properties Of matter that may only be observed and measured by performing a chemical change or chemical Reaction. Example: oxidation states

·What is a physical Change (give an example): A usually reversible change in the physical 

properties of a substance,as size or shape. Example: When melting an ice cube.

·Difference between Chemical properties and physical properties (give an example)

... Continue reading "Coh3 chemical name" »

Chemical Bonding and Structure

Classified in Chemistry

Written on in English with a size of 4.18 KB

Ionic Bonding

Bonding between a non-metal and a metal where electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal. This results in the non-metal forming a negative ion and the metal forming a positive ion. The structure is a giant ionic lattice with strong electrostatic forces between ions. A lot of energy is needed to break these forces, resulting in high melting and boiling points. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when aqueous or molten, as the ions are free to move around. They can be represented using dot and cross diagrams.

Covalent Bonding

Bonding between two non-metals. Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity as there are no charged particles. Small molecules are liquids or gases at room temperature due to weak intermolecular... Continue reading "Chemical Bonding and Structure" »

The Making of the English Working Class: A Radical Perspective

Classified in Chemistry

Written on in English with a size of 4.03 KB

Thompson: A Marxist Historian

Thompson was a historian with a Marxist background whose interest in radical political works sets him apart from other authors we studied. He, like Hoggart, followed culturalism, a perspective that stresses human agency, or the active production of culture and not its passive consumption. His book The Making of the English Working Class really embodies the term, since in it he traces the development of the English working class between 1780 and 1832, more or less the time encompassed by the Industrial Revolution. The book can be seen as a rescue operation of the members (especially radicals) of the working class lost in a history led by the deaths of monarchs, statesmen, military leaders, and politicians. These... Continue reading "The Making of the English Working Class: A Radical Perspective" »

Periodic Table Trends: Differences in Element Properties

Classified in Chemistry

Written on in English with a size of 5.08 KB

Alkali Metals

Lithium

  • Lithium is harder than other alkali metals.
  • It has higher melting and boiling points than other alkali metals.
  • It is the least reactive alkali metal.
  • It is a strong reducing agent compared to other alkali metals.
  • It is the only alkali metal that forms its monoxide.
  • It is not capable of forming solid hydrogen carbonates, unlike other alkali metals.
  • It does not react with ethyne to form ethynide, while other alkali metals do.
  • It reacts slowly with bromine compared to other alkali metals.
  • It is the only alkali metal that reacts with nitrogen to give lithium nitride (Li3N).

Alkaline Earth Metals

Beryllium

  • Beryllium is harder than other members of its group.
  • It has higher melting and boiling points than other members of its group.
  • Its electronegativity
... Continue reading "Periodic Table Trends: Differences in Element Properties" »