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Coh3 chemical name

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Binary Ionic Compounds - Ionic compounds that only contain two different elements, containing metallic cation and a nonmetallic anion (ex., Sodium Chloride NaCl, Potassium Chloride KCl, and Magnessium Oxide MgO 2 )
Chemical Bond - The force that holds two atoms together, formed through the attraction between the positive nucleus of one atom and the negative electrons of another atom or by the attraction between negative ions or positive ions.
Compound Formation and Charge - The number of electrons lost and electrons gained must be equal.
Crystal Lattice - The strong attraction among the positive and the negative ions in an ionic compound result in the formation of a regular and repeating three-dimensional geometric arrangement where each negative
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Mixtures, Compounds, and Separation Methods

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Mixtures and Compounds

A mixture is a material system made up of two or more different substances which are mixed but not combined chemically.

Types of Mixtures

  • Heterogeneous: The components are visibly diverse.
  • Homogeneous: The components are uniformly distributed, appearing as a single substance.

Basic Chemical Concepts

  • Phase: A physically distinct form of matter, such as a solid, liquid, or gas.
  • Element: A substance that is made up of only one type of atom.

Changes of State

  • Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid melts. The particles gain energy, vibrate faster, and eventually move around, becoming a liquid.
  • Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid boils. The particles gain energy, move faster, break free, and become a gas.

Tests for

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Science Essentials: Temperature, Heat, Reactions, Environment

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Understanding Temperature

What is Temperature?

Temperature is the measurement of a substance's thermal energy.

Measuring Temperature

Mercury Thermometer

A mercury thermometer consists of a bulb containing liquid mercury and a thin tube. The liquid expands due to thermal expansion and rises up the tube, allowing the temperature to be read on a calibrated scale.

Digital Thermometer

A digital thermometer uses a microprocessor that measures the temperature and displays it on a liquid crystal display (LCD).

Temperature Scales

Common temperature scales include Celsius (ºC) and Kelvin (ºK).

  • Celsius to Kelvin: K = C + 273.15
  • Kelvin to Celsius: C = K - 273.15

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Conduction

Conduction is the transfer of heat energy primarily from solid to solid... Continue reading "Science Essentials: Temperature, Heat, Reactions, Environment" »

Understanding Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

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An Arrhenius acid is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions or protons. In other words, it increases the number of H+ ions in the water. In contrast, an Arrhenius base dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions, OH-.

A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a solution that donates protons and is known as a proton donor. The Bronsted-Lowry base, on the other hand, is a solution that accepts protons and is known as a proton acceptor. Going back to a Bronsted-Lowry acid, in general, it must contain a hydrogen ion that it can give up.



Desalination: Process that removes sodium chloride and other minerals from salty water.

Distillation: A separation process in which a liquid solution is heated, and the vapors are condensed and collected.

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Ecosystems, Matter, and Chemical Properties: Key Concepts

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Biotic and Abiotic Factors in an Ecosystem

  • Chemistry: The study of matter.
  • Matter: Any substance that has mass and takes up space.
  • Energy: The capacity of a physical system to do work.
  • Ecosystem: All of the living things in a given area.
  • Biotic: Living organisms (e.g., flowers, plants, bacteria).
  • Abiotic: Non-living organisms (e.g., water, soil, air, light, wind).

States of Matter

  • Solids: More dense, particles are very close, molecules only vibrate, cannot flow, defined shape, defined volume, not compressible.
  • Liquids: Dense, particles are close, molecules have random flow, can flow, adaptable shape, defined volume, very little compressible.
  • Gas: Less dense, particles are separated, molecules have a random, fast, and free movement, can flow, no shape,
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Understanding Chemical Reactions: From Atoms to Acid Rain

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HOW DO ATOMS BEHAVE DURING A CHEMICAL REACTION?

Chemical reactions occur when bonds between atoms break and new bonds form, creating a new arrangement of atoms and at least one new substance. Observable changes, such as temperature fluctuations, color changes, gas formation, new solids, and odors, accompany these reactions.

Conservation in Chemical Reactions

Besides energy, mass is also conserved during chemical reactions. Lavoisier's experiment disproving the "phlogiston theory" led to the development of the "law of conservation of mass," which states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. Balanced chemical equations represent this law.

Energy and Reactions

Energy is required to initiate reactions. Simply mixing chemicals... Continue reading "Understanding Chemical Reactions: From Atoms to Acid Rain" »

The Making of the English Working Class: A Radical Perspective

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Thompson

Thompson was an historian with a Marxist background, whose interests of radical political works set him apart from other authors we studied. He, as Hoggart, followed culturalism, a perspective that stresses human agency, or the active production of culture, and not its passive consumption. His book The Making of the English Working Class embodies this term, since in it he traces the development of the English Working Class between the years 1780 and 1832, more or less the time encompassed by the Industrial Revolution. The book can be seen as a rescue operation of the members (especially radical ones) of the working class lost in the history lead by the deeds of monarchs, statesmen, military leaders and politicians. These other histories... Continue reading "The Making of the English Working Class: A Radical Perspective" »

Atoms, Substances, and Mixtures

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Atoms: They are Inside All Substances

In Nature: Water, Metals, Even the Air That We Breathe is Made Up of Atoms

Simple Substances: Formed by Only One Element

Compound Substances: Formed by Two or More Elements Joined Together

Mixtures: Two or More Types of Particles Mixed Together but Not Joined with Each Other



Molecular: Independent Particles That Can Get Closer or Separated from Other Molecules

Crystals: Formed by Large Groups of Atoms Joined Together Which Have Regular Fixed Positions


Homogeneous: The Entire Substance or Object Has the Same Look and Properties Throughout

Heterogeneous: There Are Parts with Different Looks and Properties

Homologous Series in Organic Compounds

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Homologous Series

A series of organic compounds having similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the successive members differ in their molecular formula by -CH2 group.

The different members of the series are called homologous.

Characteristics of Homologous Series

All the member of a homologous series can be described by a common general formula.

Example: All alkane can be described by the general formula CnH2n+2.

Each member of a homologous series differ from its higher and lower neighbouring members by a common difference of -CH2 group.

Cations and Anions: Formation and Naming

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Cations and Anions

When a neutral atom loses one or more electrons, the total number of electrons decreases while the number of protons in the nucleus remains the same. The result is that the atom becomes a cation—an ion with a net positive charge.

The opposite process can also occur. When a neutral atom gains one or more electrons, the number of electrons increases while the number of protons in the nucleus remains the same. The result is that the atom becomes an anion—an ion with a net negative charge.

H+HH-
Classificationcationneutral atomanion
No. of protons111
No. of electrons012
Net charge1+01−

Naming Monatomic Anions

Most often, when we name monatomic anions, we add the suffix -ide to the end of the element's name.

Example: What is the chemical

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