Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Biology

Sort by
Subject
Level

Linfactic organs

Classified in Biology

Written at on English with a size of 882 bytes.

bronchi: there are 2 branches in which the trachea is divided - formed by cartílago rings-each one leads to a lung - the bronchi split into gradually narrower tubes inside the lungs(bronchioles)/ bronchioles: consistió of a layer of flatenned cells(endothelium)- coated by an abundant network of capilares that facilites the gas exchange/ lungs: 2 organs of great elasticity formed by (bronchi,bronchioles,bronchial tree, pulmonary alveoli, capillaries betwork)-located in the torathic cavity -protected by the ribs- separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm - sorrounded by the pleura : visceral, parietal
Karma: 6%
Visits: 0

Cheat sheet

Classified in Biology

Written at on English with a size of 997 bytes.

Chapter 1

Gross/macroscopic Anatomy: study of large, visible structures   Microscopic Anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye   cycology: microscopic study of cells   histology: microscopic study of tissues   embryology: study of developments before birth  Developmental Anatomy studies anatomical and physiological developments throughout life
requirements for life are 1)Maintenance of Boundaries(homeostasis) 2) movement 3)responsiveness 4) Digestion 5) Excretion 6)Metabolism 7)Growth 8)Reproduction  Necessary for survival 1)Nutrients 2)Oxygen 3)Water-70% 4)Normal Body Temp.-98.6F or 37C   
Karma: 6%
Visits: 0

bh

Classified in Biology

Written at on English with a size of 2.57 KB.

light/ transverse waves, can be refreccted o reflected/ no need of medium , travels in straight directions , the shorter wavelenght the more energy, if the wave is shorter than eyes then is invisible to our eyes 


eye/ acomodation, the eye can alter the shape and curvature of the lense to adjust the degree of refraction, is achieved by contraction or relaxion of cilary muscle, far sighted is when eye is to short. The focal point is behind retina, difficult to see close. Convex lenses narrow the planeof light , far sighted is when eye is to short. The focal point is behind retina, difficult to see close. Convex lenses narrow the planeof light 

light phenomena/ the angle of incidence is the same as angle of reflection, refraction ocurs when
... Continue reading "bh" »
Karma: 6%
Visits: 0

Population Genetics: An Evolutionary Overview

Classified in Biology

Written at on English with a size of 1.73 KB.

Population Genetics

Microevolution

Change in the collective genetic material of a population.

Bell Curve

Shows the frequency of a trait in a population.

Gene Pool

Describes the total genetic information available in a population.

Hardy-Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium

Principle based on a set of assumptions about an ideal hypothetical population that is not evolving.

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population.

Emigration

Movement of individuals out of a population.

Gene Flow

Process of genes moving from one population to another.

Sexual Selection

Tendency of females to choose the males they mate with based on certain traits.

Stabilizing Selection

Individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness.

Disruptive Selection

Individuals with... Continue reading "Population Genetics: An Evolutionary Overview" »

Karma: 6%
Visits: 0

Stages of Cell Division and Meiosis

Classified in Biology

Written at on English with a size of 2.85 KB.

Name the stage of cell division in which paired homologous chromosomes get shortened and thickened?

Ans: Pachytene is the stage of cell division in which paired homologous chromosomes get shortened and thickened.

Which structure of animal cell forms the asters of spindle?

Ans: Centrosome is that structure of animal cell which forms the asters of spindle.

Name the cells in which meiosis occurs?

Ans: Meiosis occurs in the reproductive cells or germ cells.

At which stage of meiosis crossing over of genetic material takes place?

Ans: Pachytene is the stage of meiosis in which crossing over of genetic material takes place.

What is Go phase?

Ans: A stage when cell cycle is arrested during interphase is called Go phase.

Name the cell division concerned with

... Continue reading "Stages of Cell Division and Meiosis" »
Karma: 6%
Visits: 0

Preventing Waterborne Diseases: Principles and Practices

Classified in Biology

Written at on English with a size of 8.73 KB.

2. The transportable diseases potentially spread by drinking water, prevention them; principles and practice of disinfection of the water

Water-Associated Diseases

  • - Most of the disease agents contaminating water are biological and communicable and come from animal and human feces

  • - They include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths and are ingested with water

    Classification:

  • - Waterborne diseases: arise from the contamination of water by human or animal feces or urine infected by pathogenic bacteria or viruses – direct transmission into organism

  • - Water–based diseases: water provides the habitat for intermediate host organism, some parasites pass part of their life cycle →helminthic diseases in people

  • - Water–related diseases: water

... Continue reading "Preventing Waterborne Diseases: Principles and Practices" »
Karma: 6%
Visits: 0

A body is placed in a certain airstream

Classified in Biology

Written at on English with a size of 4.73 KB.

vitamin a : fish liver oils, animal liver. Function: required for normal immune system function and for production of cells in retina of eye. 

D: ^, egg yolk, butter, made in the body by action of sunlight. Needed for absorption of calcium in the body.
E: plant oils, function: antioxidant. 
K: dark green leafy vegetables, made of bacteria of gut. Function: needing for blood clotting. 
B1,B2: widely occurring, needed for an enzyme used in respiration.
B3: meat, yeast extract, potatoes, made from the amino acid tryptophan. needed to make enzyme involved in respiration
B5: widely occurring, needed to make enzyme involved in respiration.
B6: meat, fish, eggs, some vegetables. Needed to make an enzyme involved in the formation of amino acids. 
B12:
... Continue reading "A body is placed in a certain airstream" »
Karma: 6%
Visits: 0

Understanding Ecology: Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems

Classified in Biology

Written at on English with a size of 3.28 KB.

  • Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment.
  • Organismal ecology studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges.
  • A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area.
  • Population ecology focuses on factors affecting population size over time.
  • A community is a group of populations of different species in an area.
  • Community ecology examines the effect of interspecific interactions on community structure and organization.
  • An ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact.
  • Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling
... Continue reading "Understanding Ecology: Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems" »
Karma: 6%
Visits: 0

Understanding DNA, Chromosomes, and Genetic Variation

Classified in Biology

Written at on English with a size of 2.58 KB.

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Forming Chromosomes

Stores genetic info DNA wounded to histones which becomes nucleosome loops onto chromatin

Codes for protein twisted into chromatid looped and packed into chromosome

Nucleotide Chromatin fibers are coiled and condensed to form chromosomes

consisting of a nitrogen-containing base Histones are proteins that help package and organize DNA in the nucleus of

(a, g, t, c.) or uracil in RNA eukaryotic cells by forming nucleosomes around which DNA is wrapped.

- phosphate group nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells

- sugar chromatid is one of the two identical copies of a replicated chromosome

Homologous Chromosomes chromosome is a long, coiled-up strand of DNA that contains genetic information

chromosomes... Continue reading "Understanding DNA, Chromosomes, and Genetic Variation" »

Karma: 6%
Visits: 0

Ecosystem Dynamics: Trophic Levels, Food Chains, and Energy Flow

Classified in Biology

Written at on English with a size of 2.68 KB.

Trophic Levels

A trophic level consists of all organisms within an ecosystem that share the same feeding strategy.

Producers

Producers are autotrophic organisms that perform photosynthesis, using solar energy to convert inorganic matter into organic matter.

Consumers

Consumers are heterotrophic organisms that obtain energy by consuming other living organisms.

Primary Consumers

Primary consumers are herbivores that feed directly on producers.

Secondary Consumers

Secondary consumers are carnivores that feed on primary consumers.

Tertiary Consumers

Tertiary consumers (supercarnivores) are carnivores that feed on secondary consumers, such as lions.

Decomposers

Decomposers are heterotrophic organisms that break down dead organisms and waste products, returning... Continue reading "Ecosystem Dynamics: Trophic Levels, Food Chains, and Energy Flow" »

Karma: 6%
Visits: 0