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The Inheritance of Genes: Patterns, Principles, and Genetic Diseases

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The inheritance of genes follows patterns- Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who discovered the principles of inheritancewith experiments in which a large number of pea plants were crossed. 1) First, he crossed different varieties of purebred pea plants, then collected and grew the seeds to determine their characteristics

2) Next, he crossed the offspring with each other (self-fertilization) and grew their seeds to similarly determine their characteristics

3) These crosses were performed many times to establish reliable data trends (over 5,000 crosses were performed 

Mendel discovered the following things:

1) When he crossed two different purebred varieties together the results were E.G. When purebred tall and short pea plants were crossed,

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The Sounds of Language: A Guide to Phonetic Symbols

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The Sounds of Language

A Guide to Phonetic Symbols

Consonants

SymbolPlace of ArticulationManner of ArticulationDescription
/p/BilabialStopPronounced with contact between the two lips.
/b/BilabialStopPronounced with contact between the two lips.
/t/AlveolarStopThe front of the tongue touches or nearly touches the alveolar ridge.
/d/AlveolarStopThe front of the tongue touches or nearly touches the alveolar ridge.
/k/VelarStopThe back of the tongue touches the velum.
/g/VelarStopThe back of the tongue touches the velum.
/f/LabiodentalFricativeContact between the lower lip and the upper teeth.
/v/LabiodentalFricativeContact between the lower lip and the upper teeth.
/θ/DentalFricativeContact between the front of the tongue and the upper teeth.
/ð/DentalFricativeContact
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Sensory Receptors and Nerves: Comprehensive Details

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Sensory Receptors and Sensory Nerves

Sensory Receptors

Information from the environment and internal organs is detected by sensory receptors. These receptors can be:

  • Surrounded by cells (not neurons)
  • Connected with a neuron (sensory nerve) in which they will generate action potentials
  • Specialized to respond to one particular form of energy

There are many different types of sensory receptors:

  • Mechanoreceptors - detect touch and pressure
  • Thermoreceptors - detect cold and warmth
  • Nociceptors - detect pain
  • Electromagnetic receptors - detect light
  • Chemoreceptors - detect taste, smell, blood O2 and CO2 concentration, blood glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids

A receptor can be excited by:

  • Mechanical deformation - stretches the receptor, opening ion channels
  • Application
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Key Concepts of the Nervous System and Sensory Biology

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Sensory Cells and Structures

Rod Cells

Detect light intensity and are used in black and white vision.

Cone Cells

Detect color.

Hair Cells

Located in the inner ear, these contain mechanoreceptors that detect vibrations.

Cochlea

A structure of fluid-filled canals in the inner ear where hair cells are located.

The Nervous System: Divisions and Functions

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Comprises the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A collection of nerves that connects the CNS to all organ systems.

Somatic Nervous System

A division of the PNS that regulates all movements over which you have voluntary control, connecting the CNS to target organs.

Autonomic Nervous System

A division of the PNS that controls automatic functions that do not... Continue reading "Key Concepts of the Nervous System and Sensory Biology" »
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Tdyuiopxñpcoviuy

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Monplological: componing external appeanance and internal structure. Ecological: componing the role played in ecosystem. Polentological:  comparing present life forms to fossiled. Embryological: comparing embryonic development . Genetic: Comparing DNA. Biochermical: Comparing the chemical composition. Cellular: cell types and tissues.  Monera        (Cell Type1): Prokaryote.  (Number of cells2): unicellular.    ( Specialized tissues3) :No.              (Type of nutrition4): autotrphic heterotrophic.         ( Role in ecosystem5): producers descomposers.          Protist             ( 1) Eukaryotic.   (2) unicellular in general.    (3) no.      (4) autotophic heterotrophic.       (5) producers consumers
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Human Nutrition: Body Systems and Digestion Process

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How Organisms Obtain Nutrients

Unicellular Organisms: Direct Nutrient Exchange

Unicellular living organisms perform nutrition by exchanging substances directly with their surrounding environment. Nutrients and oxygen enter the cell through a plasma membrane, through which waste is also expelled.

Multicellular Organisms: Systemic Nutrition

Multicellular living organisms, such as human beings, have most cells that do not come into direct contact with the outside world and cannot exchange substances with it directly. The nutrition function is performed through the joint action of different systems that act as intermediaries between the outside world and cells.

Essential Body Systems for Human Nutrition

The Digestive System: Nutrient Absorption

The digestive

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Essential Concepts in Ecology and Environmental Science

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Fundamental Ecological and Biological Concepts

Biodiversity: The Variety of Life

Biodiversity refers to the varying or different life forms found on Earth. It encompasses several types:

  • Genetic Diversity: The variety of genetic materials within a species or a population.
  • Species Diversity: The number and abundance of species present in different communities.
  • Functional Diversity: The biological and chemical processes, such as energy flow and matter recycling, needed for the survival of species, communities, and ecosystems.
  • Ecological Diversity: The variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the Earth.

Evolution: Changes in Organism Genetic Makeup

Evolution refers to the changes in a population of organisms' genetic makeup... Continue reading "Essential Concepts in Ecology and Environmental Science" »

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Human Digestive System: Organs, Functions, and Processes

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Human Nutrition and Body Systems

The digestive, respiratory, excretory, and circulatory systems all play a role in nutrition.

  • Digestive system: Introduces foods into the body, and prepares and transforms it to enable its use by cells.
  • Respiratory system: Obtains the oxygen cells need and eliminates carbon dioxide produced during cell metabolism.
  • Circulatory system: Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and releases waste substances.
  • Excretory system: Releases waste substances outside the organism.

The Digestive System: Function and Structure

The digestive system breaks nutrients into parts small enough for your body to absorb and use for energy, growth, and cell repair. It is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the accessory glands:... Continue reading "Human Digestive System: Organs, Functions, and Processes" »

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Brain Structure and Function: Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem

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Spinal Bulb

The spinal bulb is the extension of the medulla. It contains gray matter surrounded by white matter. Ascending neural pathways pass through the spinal bulb. They come from the medulla and provide information to the brain. The right side of the brain receives information from the left side of the body, and the right side receives information from the left. The movement of the right part of the body is controlled by the left side of the brain (and vice versa). It regulates several body functions, such as heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing.

Brain Stem

The brain stem is located between the spinal bulb and the brain, below the thalamus, and covers several areas of the brain. It regulates sleep, visual and auditory reflexes, and blood

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Cell Biology and Genetics: Core Definitions and Principles

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Essential Concepts in Biology and Heredity

Fundamental Definitions in Genetics

Gene

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child. Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.

Codominance

Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual.

Cellular Components and Principles

Ribosomes

Small particles with two subunits, without membranes to divide them. They are responsible for building proteins using the information coded in a linear molecule of nucleic acid (RNA).

Mendel's Second Law of Segregation

Mendel's second law... Continue reading "Cell Biology and Genetics: Core Definitions and Principles" »

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