Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

English Language Practice: Page 6 Exercises

Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1

1. can’t
2. to speak
3. couldn’t
4. manage

Exercise 2

1. better
2. have/need
3. ought
4. must/should

Exercise 3

1. may/might/could know
2. can’t have told
3. must be watching
4. may/might/could have sent

Exercise 4

1. must have left
2. have to post
3. ought to pay
4. must not download

Vocabulary Practice

Exercise 1

1. box
2. binge
3. breaking
4. scheduled

Exercise 2

1. mis
2. dis
3. re
4. un

Exercise 3

1. slogan
2. commercials
3. placement
4. campaign

Exercise 4

1. Guerilla marketing is often very effective for promoting new products.
2. The live stream of the concert will start at eight o’clock.
3. This text first appeared in our school magazine and then it was republished on our website.
4. The target audience for our new product is young people.

Reading Comprehension

Exercise 1

1. B
2. C
3. A

Exercise 2

1. The reason

Key Subfields and Specializations in Psychology

• Behavioral Genetics

  Studies the inheritance of traits related to behavior.

• Behavioral Neuroscience

  Examines the biological basis of behavior.

• Clinical Psychology

  Deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.

• Clinical Neuropsychology

  Unites the areas of biopsychology and clinical psychology, focusing on the relationship between biological factors and psychological disorders.

• Cognitive Psychology

  Focuses on the study of higher mental processes.

• Counseling Psychology

  Focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.

• Cross-Cultural Psychology

  Investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups.

Types of Unemployment

Cyclical: Changes according to the economic cycle.

Seasonal: Caused by seasonal variations in demand. For example, employment in the tourism sector often increases during the summer.

Structural: Occurs due to a mismatch between available jobs and workers' skills, often caused by lack of access to education/training or shifts in industry demand.

Macroeconomic Policy Definition

Actions taken by governments to steer the economy towards specific goals by managing key economic indicators. This includes setting fiscal policy (taxation and public spending) and influencing the price level (often via interest rates set by the central bank).

Macroeconomic Policy Goals

1. Economic Growth (GDP)
2. Full Employment
3. Price Stability

Types of Macroeconomic

Christmas: A Time for Reflection, Not Excess

Christmas is a time of joy and happiness, but it is also a time of excessive consumerism. Every year, society pressures people to buy expensive gifts for their loved ones, even if they cannot always afford them.

This can lead to serious problems, such as people going into debt to buy gifts simply because they place more importance on material things than anything else. All this can lead to serious financial consequences.

In addition, excessive consumerism at Christmas can also have a negative impact on the environment. Many of the gifts bought for Christmas are disposable products, which contributes to waste production. This can have a negative effect on the environment, as many of these products are... Continue reading "Christmas & Valentine's Day: Rethinking Consumerism" »

Essential Vocabulary: Relationships & Emotions

• ask out: Invitar a salir
• over the hill: Ir cuesta abajo
• attach: Poner, colocar
• bend over backwards: Hacer lo imposible
• breath: Aliento
• breathe: Respirar
• breathless: Sin aliento
• forgive: Perdonar
• cheer up: Levantar el ánimo a
• come between: Interponerse entre
• commit: Comprometerse
• couple: Pareja
• deserve: Merecer
• drift apart: Distanciarse
• drive away: Asustar
• envious: Envidioso
• drop by: Pasar por
• fall out: Enfadarse
• fate: Destino
• go mad over: Perder la cabeza por
• get it over with: Quitarse algo de encima
• gossip: Chismorreo
• hang out: Pasar el rato (Nota: 'Colgar el teléfono' es 'hang up')
• head over heels: Locamente enamorado
• hear from: Tener noticias de
• hear out: Escuchar (hasta el final)
• help out: Ayudar
• hold a grudge:

Characteristics of the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmovision

Organicism:

• The Universe is like a living organism.
• Each part of the Universe serves a function.

Anthropocentrism:

• The geocentric quality of this cosmovision is a form of anthropocentrism.
• The Earth, the place in which human beings live, is at the center of the Universe.

Finalism:

• All natural changes have a "final cause", i.e., an ultimate objective. The changes pursue this objective.

Heterogeneity:

• The Aristotelian cosmos is not a "universe" but a "diverse": it has diverse regions.

Philosophical Positions on the Existence of God

• Theism: Affirms the existence of a personal, supernatural, and transcendental God. God is not just the cause of reality, He also governs it.
• Deism: Affirms that God exists

Artificial Intelligence: Impact and Considerations

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become one of the most significant topics in today's world. AI holds the potential to transform our lives for the better, yet it simultaneously raises important concerns about the future of human work and control over machines. This document presents both sides of the argument regarding the use and development of AI.

The Rise of AI: Benefits and Potential

On the one hand, AI has the potential to improve many aspects of our lives. Consider the following advantages:

• Enhanced Healthcare: AI-powered systems can analyze vast amounts of medical data to develop better treatments and make more accurate diagnoses.
• Task Automation: AI can automate routine tasks, freeing up

Passive Voice

to be + verb. (participle)

Prest. simple: (is/are) + STOLEN

Prest. continous : (is/are) + BEING + STOLEN

Past simple: (was/were) + STOLEN

MODALS: (MUST/CAN/SHOULD) + BE + STOLEN

- They told me the truth.

- I was told the truth.(Em van dir la veritat.)

- The truth was told to me.

Causative

HAVE/GET + SOMETHING + DONE

- I had my house painted last summer.

- We are getting our car fixed this afternoon.

Impersonal Passive

(say, believe, claim, know, report, think, consider, mention...)

People believe the president is unfair.

It is believed that the president is unfair.

Relative Sentences

DEFINING RELATIVE.

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE: entre comas, nunca THAT, nunca se omite el pronombre.

PERSON: who/whom (a quien/a quienes)/that

- The teacher (who) Alice is... Continue reading "English Grammar Rules and Examples" »

The Second International

The Second International was founded in Paris and exclusively incorporated socialist parties. Its core principles included:

• The extension of democracy.
• Access to power through peaceful means.
• Regulation of the labour market.
• The end of gender discrimination and other inequalities.

It established iconic symbols of the workers' movement, such as the 1st of May as International Workers' Day, in memory of those arrested and killed in Chicago during a demonstration.

The Great Socialist Schism

Internal debates triggered the breakup of the Second International, leading to the two major currents of 20th-century socialism:

• Social Democracy (Reformist): In Germany, a sector of the SPD led by Eduard Bernstein advocated for a parliamentary