Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Europe in the 16^th century (High Renaissance) was an age of social, intellectual, and religious ferment that transformed European culture. The spirit of discovery, travel, and exploration fostered self-confident humanism, stability, order, and admiration of classical forms. An explosion of information aided by book printing allowed artists to become more mobile, with styles becoming less regional. Rome grew in importance, especially under Julius II (Pope from 1503-1513), with a population of 100,000 people, making it only smaller than London and Paris. In 1494, the expulsion of the Medici from Florence marked a significant political shift.

Continual armed conflict was triggered by the expansionist ambitions of warring rulers.

Humanism in the... Continue reading "The Transformative Art and Culture of 16th Century Europe" »

Git Commands and Concepts

Git key commands and concepts:

• add (stage changes)
• commit (with a message)
• head (most recent commit)
• branch (alternative history)
• checkout (enter/exit branch)
• merge (combine into master)
• stash (save without commit, -u for untracked files; latest stashes (0) at the top)
• pop (retrieve a stash)
• fork (copy code from the source into a repository)
• pull (pull remote changes and merge into master)
• revert (undo commits and create a new commit)
• log (history with most recent commits first, -p for patch details)
• rm (--cached to remove from staging)
• fetch (get changes from a remote repository to a local repository without merging them; useful for reviewing changes)
• pull (fetch + merge)
• rebase (create a clean/linear commit history by moving commits

The book I have read is called The Great Gatsby and its author is Francis Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby is set in New York City, representing a very social environment. The most important characters are Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway, Jordan Baker, and Tom Buchanan. The most interesting thing about this book is how Gatsby pretended for a long time that he was a millionaire.

Nick Carraway moves to a bungalow in West Egg, a Long Island neighborhood, to study the bond business in New York. Nick is invited by Daisy, his cousin, to come to his house in East Egg, an aristocratic neighborhood on Long Island. Tom Buchanan, Daisy's husband, whom he has met at Yale. Gatsby tells her that Gatsby is in love with Daisy. He met her in Louisville in 1917 and... Continue reading "The Great Gatsby: A Tale of Love, Wealth, and Mystery" »

English Language Practice: Page 6 Exercises

Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1

1. can’t
2. to speak
3. couldn’t
4. manage

Exercise 2

1. better
2. have/need
3. ought
4. must/should

Exercise 3

1. may/might/could know
2. can’t have told
3. must be watching
4. may/might/could have sent

Exercise 4

1. must have left
2. have to post
3. ought to pay
4. must not download

Vocabulary Practice

Exercise 1

1. box
2. binge
3. breaking
4. scheduled

Exercise 2

1. mis
2. dis
3. re
4. un

Exercise 3

1. slogan
2. commercials
3. placement
4. campaign

Exercise 4

1. Guerilla marketing is often very effective for promoting new products.
2. The live stream of the concert will start at eight o’clock.
3. This text first appeared in our school magazine and then it was republished on our website.
4. The target audience for our new product is young people.

Reading Comprehension

Exercise 1

1. B
2. C
3. A

Exercise 2

1. The reason

Key Subfields and Specializations in Psychology

• Behavioral Genetics

  Studies the inheritance of traits related to behavior.

• Behavioral Neuroscience

  Examines the biological basis of behavior.

• Clinical Psychology

  Deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.

• Clinical Neuropsychology

  Unites the areas of biopsychology and clinical psychology, focusing on the relationship between biological factors and psychological disorders.

• Cognitive Psychology

  Focuses on the study of higher mental processes.

• Counseling Psychology

  Focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.

• Cross-Cultural Psychology

  Investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups.

Types of Unemployment

Cyclical: Changes according to the economic cycle.

Seasonal: Caused by seasonal variations in demand. For example, employment in the tourism sector often increases during the summer.

Structural: Occurs due to a mismatch between available jobs and workers' skills, often caused by lack of access to education/training or shifts in industry demand.

Macroeconomic Policy Definition

Actions taken by governments to steer the economy towards specific goals by managing key economic indicators. This includes setting fiscal policy (taxation and public spending) and influencing the price level (often via interest rates set by the central bank).

Macroeconomic Policy Goals

1. Economic Growth (GDP)
2. Full Employment
3. Price Stability

Types of Macroeconomic

Christmas: A Time for Reflection, Not Excess

Christmas is a time of joy and happiness, but it is also a time of excessive consumerism. Every year, society pressures people to buy expensive gifts for their loved ones, even if they cannot always afford them.

This can lead to serious problems, such as people going into debt to buy gifts simply because they place more importance on material things than anything else. All this can lead to serious financial consequences.

In addition, excessive consumerism at Christmas can also have a negative impact on the environment. Many of the gifts bought for Christmas are disposable products, which contributes to waste production. This can have a negative effect on the environment, as many of these products are... Continue reading "Christmas & Valentine's Day: Rethinking Consumerism" »

Essential Vocabulary: Relationships & Emotions

• ask out: Invitar a salir
• over the hill: Ir cuesta abajo
• attach: Poner, colocar
• bend over backwards: Hacer lo imposible
• breath: Aliento
• breathe: Respirar
• breathless: Sin aliento
• forgive: Perdonar
• cheer up: Levantar el ánimo a
• come between: Interponerse entre
• commit: Comprometerse
• couple: Pareja
• deserve: Merecer
• drift apart: Distanciarse
• drive away: Asustar
• envious: Envidioso
• drop by: Pasar por
• fall out: Enfadarse
• fate: Destino
• go mad over: Perder la cabeza por
• get it over with: Quitarse algo de encima
• gossip: Chismorreo
• hang out: Pasar el rato (Nota: 'Colgar el teléfono' es 'hang up')
• head over heels: Locamente enamorado
• hear from: Tener noticias de
• hear out: Escuchar (hasta el final)
• help out: Ayudar
• hold a grudge:

Characteristics of the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmovision

Organicism:

• The Universe is like a living organism.
• Each part of the Universe serves a function.

Anthropocentrism:

• The geocentric quality of this cosmovision is a form of anthropocentrism.
• The Earth, the place in which human beings live, is at the center of the Universe.

Finalism:

• All natural changes have a "final cause", i.e., an ultimate objective. The changes pursue this objective.

Heterogeneity:

• The Aristotelian cosmos is not a "universe" but a "diverse": it has diverse regions.

Philosophical Positions on the Existence of God

• Theism: Affirms the existence of a personal, supernatural, and transcendental God. God is not just the cause of reality, He also governs it.
• Deism: Affirms that God exists