Essential English Grammar and Phrasal Verbs Study Notes

Phrasal Verbs List

Section 4

• Beat up: dar una paliza
• Break in: robo
• Come forward: ofrecer ayuda
• Get away with: liderazgo
• Hold up: atracar
• Let off: no castigo
• Make for: ir a otro sitio
• Turn in: chivar

Section 5

• Check out: revisar
• Knock out: eliminar
• Listen out for: escuchar con atención
• Make out: distinguir
• Mind out: tener cuidado
• Pull out: retirarse por problema
• Stand out: destacar (positivo)
• Stick out: destacar (negativo)

Section 6

• Burn out: estar quemado
• Copy in: copiar
• Fill in for: sustituir
• Get ahead: ascender
• Key in: escribir en ordenador
• Lay off: despedir
• Take on: contratar
• Work up: ascender progresivamente

Word Formation

• Depth, deep, deepen, deeply
• Fortune, fortunate, fortunately
• Popularity, popular, popularise, popularly
• Significance, significant, signify, insignificantly
• Desire, desirable, desire, desirably

Legal Vocabulary

During a trial, the jury presents evidence collected by the crime lab to prove the guilt of the accused. They examine and determine if the evidence is grounds for imprisonment.

• Ban sb from: Prohibit someone from participating or accessing a particular place.
• Cheat at: Unfairly trying to gain an advantage or win a game.

Conditionals

Zero Conditional

Used for general truths and scientific facts. Structure: If + present simple, present simple.

First Conditional

Used for possible or likely situations now or in the future. Structure: If + present simple, will + V-inf.

Future Tenses

• Will: Predictions with no evidence, instant decisions, offers, requests, promises.
• Be going to: Predictions with evidence, plans, and intentions. (e.g., I am going to study French next year).
• Future Continuous: Actions in progress at a specific moment in the future. (e.g., This time tomorrow I will be travelling to London).
• Future Perfect: Actions finished at a specific time in the future. (e.g., Francis will have finished his homework by 6 o'clock).
• Future Perfect Continuous: Actions happening up to a point in the future. (e.g., Next month we will have been studying English for 2 years).
• Present Simple: Time-tabled events. (e.g., The train leaves at 3:30).
• Present Continuous: Arrangements. (e.g., We are having dinner with Peter on Saturday).
• Shall: Suggestions. (e.g., Shall I collect you from the party?).

Purpose and Preferences

To, in order to, so as to + V-inf = Para

1. Prefer

• + V-ing: I prefer swimming to playing football.
• + to V: I prefer to swim rather than to play football.
• + noun: I prefer the sea to the pool.

2. Would prefer

• + to: I would prefer (us) to go to the cinema.
• + noun: I would prefer the cinema on Saturday.

3. Would rather

• + V-inf: I would rather not go to his party tomorrow.
• + 2 subjects: I would rather you didn't touch my things without asking.

4. Had better

• + V-inf: We had better arrive on time tomorrow.