Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Proposition:

Minimal unit of cognitive semantics; it is the equivalent of a statement, a statement being a sentence either affirmative or negative.

Utterance:

Is more a pragmatic form. It is an item of language produced by a real speaker in a real situation. Sometimes proposition and non-propositions are utterance.

Lexical meaning:

The meaning assigned to every word of the sentence.

Natural language:

A language that has developed naturally in use (as contrasted with an artificial language or computer code). The language of every human society.

Conceptualization:

Cognitive process automatically performed to make sense of the world/outer reality.

Categorization:

Basic cognitive function. Performed automatically and unconsciously as we interact with reality/... Continue reading "Cognitive Semantics and Language: Understanding the Basics" »

I-> more formal, polite. MAI el verb DO. Sino hi ha Question Word-> IF EJ-> I- Could you tell me what time it is? D- What time is it?// I- CYTM what time he finished? D- What time did he finished?// I- CYTM if he likes chocolate? D- Does he like chocolate?// I- CYTM how much your earn? D- How much do you earn?// I- CYTM what your first job was? D- What was your first job?// I- CYTM who your sister is? D- who is your sister?// I- Do you know where the shops are?// D- Where are the shops?// I- CYTM where i can buy a map? D- where can i buy a map?// I- Would you mind telling me what bus i need to take? D- what bus DO i need to take? // I- Could you tell me if he works here? D- Does he work here? //I- CYTM what his name is? D- What is

If a patient has a family history of cardiovascular disease and is concerned about his own level of risk, the most useful measurements would be serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels

If gangrene develops in a patient's foot and the patient is found to have high blood lipid levels, he or she probably has peripheral artery disease.

If a patient has a thrombosis in a cerebral artery, he or she would experience a stroke.

A patient who would be likely to have elevated serum triglyceride levels is a(n) overweight man who drinks three alcoholic beverages a day.

The primary goal of therapy to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease is to lower serum levels of _____ cholesterol. LDL

In a 55-year-old woman, an LDL cholesterol

A good example of living in an obesogenic environment is a physician's recommendation not to exercise during recovery from surgery. The total amount of energy in a bowl of soup that contains 5 g of protein, 2 g of fat, and 20 g of carbohydrate is 118 kcal. The fuel for all body processes that traps energy released from food is adenosine triphosphate. If a person hears a friend calling for help and goes running to find out what the friend needs, the person would be getting his or her energy from glycogen via anaerobic glycolysis. If someone goes on a long hike, after 4 hours most of his or her energy will be obtained from fatty acids. Athletes who exercise regularly are able to exercise for longer, partly because their body is able to use more... Continue reading "Understanding Energy Expenditure, Nutrition, and Exercise" »

If a person were to eat a diet that provided carbohydrates, fat, and micronutrients, but very little protein, for example, if he or she ate only whole-wheat pita bread with olive oil, the body would break down muscle tissue to provide amino acids to make essential proteins.

Protein Intake and Recommended Dietary Allowance

If a man weighs 190 lb and eats 150 g protein per day, his protein intake is greater than 200% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA).

Protein Structure

Some proteins contain an alpha helix, which is part of their secondary structure.

Amino Acids

The most accurate statement about amino acids is that essential amino acids cannot be manufactured by body cells. Nonessential amino acids can be made by the liver from other amino

Introduction

Fats are an essential nutrient that provides the densest energy source. They are also involved in the formation of sex hormones, bile, and vitamin D. However, not all fats are created equal. Some fats, such as saturated and trans fats, can be harmful to health, while others, such as unsaturated fats, can be beneficial.

Types of Fatty Acids

Fatty acids are the building blocks of fats. They are classified into three main types:

• Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the carbon atoms in their chain.
• Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond between the carbon atoms in their chain.
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more double bonds between the carbon atoms in their chain.

Saturated fats are typically found in animal... Continue reading "Essential Fatty Acids: Understanding Their Role in Health and Disease" »

The Second Amendment is part of the Bill of Rights and protects the right of individuals to keep and bear arms. It is one of the most debated amendments to the United States Constitution because it affects a large number of people. The Second Amendment states that citizens have the right to possess and bear arms.

In recent years, debates in the courts and public opinion about the meaning of the Second Amendment have focused on whether it protects the right of individuals. The controversy surrounding the Second Amendment does not clearly define its exact meaning. The Second Amendment is important for protecting people’s rights, and, as Dickinson observed, it can be seen from different perspectives.

It is important to understand the different... Continue reading "Understanding the Second Amendment: Rights and Interpretations" »