Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

English Grammar: Conjunctions, Transitions, and Prepositions

Conjunctions (Clause Connectors)

• Because, as, since: Introduce a cause.
  • Example: Because it was raining, I stayed at home.
• So: Introduces an effect.
  • Example: It was raining, so I stayed at home.

Transitions (Sentence Connectors)

• Therefore, consequently, as a result: Introduce an effect, connecting two complete sentences.
  • Example: It was raining; therefore, I stayed home.

Prepositions (Noun Phrase Connectors)

• Due to, because of, as a result of: Introduce a cause in the form of a noun phrase.
  • Example: I stayed at home due to the rain.
  • Example: Because of the rain, I stayed at home.

Expressing Result and Reason

Understanding how different connectors express cause (reason) or effect (result) is crucial... Continue reading "Mastering English Connectors and Social Terminology" »

The Francoist Period: Main Phases

First Stage: Early Francoism and Autarky (1939-1959)

Autarky (1939-1950)

The State

• Severe repression marked the early years of the regime, as Franco wanted to impose absolute political control. Repression and retaliation were approved by the Law of Political Responsibilities (February 1939) and the Law for the Repression of Masonry and Communism (May 1940). Many people went into exile, others were imprisoned, there were executions, and penal labor camps.
• These repressive measures engendered an atmosphere of fear.
• The military played a major role during the first years of the regime.
• The Falange's ideology and symbols played an important role in the new state.

Foreign Policy

• The need to strengthen the regime determined

Formal Conditional Structures: Inversion

First Conditional Inversion (Should)

To create a formal or inverted first conditional, replace "if" with "should". The main verb following "should" must be in the infinitive form.

• If the patient shows any signs of abuse, please contact our emergency hotline immediately.
  • Should the patient show any signs of abuse, please contact our emergency hotline immediately.
• If a candidate is not chosen for the position, he/she will not be contacted by our Human Resources department.
  • Should a candidate not be chosen for the position, he/she will not be contacted by our Human Resources department.
• What will you do if you are not accepted to the Master’s program?
  • What will you do should you not be accepted to the M.A.?

Second

Understanding Domestic Violence

Vocabulary

English - Spanish

• To punch: golpear (con el puño)
• To choke: estrangular (con las manos)
• To strangle: estrangular (con cualquier cosa)
• Isolated incident (single incident): incidente aislado
• Long-term: a largo plazo
• To cope with / to deal with: lidiar con
• To know and understand: awareness (conciencia)
• To look for or try to obtain: to seek (buscar)
• Psychological help: counseling (asesoramiento)
• To tell the authorities: to report (informar) NOT to demand
• A husband or wife: a spouse (cónyuge, esposa o esposo)
• Don’t get close to that person: a restraining order (orden de alejamiento)
• Repeated abuse: battering - battered women (maltrato, mujeres maltratadas)
• To support someone to do something: to encourage (animar)
• A

Elements of Planning in Public Relations

Establishing Goals

1. Determining Present Situation
2. Researching and Selecting Target Audiences
3. Developing Objectives
4. Creating Strategies
5. Developing Tactics for Implementation
6. Developing a Budget
7. Working Out a Timetable
8. Creating Evaluation/Measurement Techniques

Goals

An observable and measurable end result having one or more objectives to be achieved within a more or less fixed timeframe; must relate to the organization’s purpose. PR goals must relate to the overall mission and objectives of the organization.

Research

Research provides important insights into three areas important for writing a situation analysis:

• Organization
• Situation
• Audiences

Key Questions for Situation Analysis

• Is this a big or little problem/opportunity?

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Essentials

RIPv1 vs. RIPv2: Classful vs. Classless Routing

What is the difference between RIPv1 and RIPv2? RIPv1 is a classful routing protocol, while RIPv2 is classless.

Non-IP Routing Protocols Similar to RIP

List similar non-IP routing protocols to RIP (e.g., from Xerox, Novell, etc.): Similar protocols to IP RIP include:

• Xerox Network Systems protocol suite (XNS)
• Novell’s IPX RIP
• AppleTalk’s Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP)

UNIX Implementation of RIP

What is the UNIX implementation of RIP? Many UNIX distributions are based on the popular 4.2 BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) and implement RIP in either routed or gated daemons.

RIP Operation Port (UDP 520)

From which port does RIP operate? The RIP... Continue reading "RIP Protocol Fundamentals: Configuration, Timers, and Optimization" »

Sentence Structures

Green paint can be made by mixing...
My mother is said to sell books.
Books are sold by my mother.
Korea is known to have scored the last goal.
The last goal was scored by Correa.

You mustn't cheat in exams.
Someone must have seen Sabela yesterday.
Shall I help you with your...?
She can't be hungry because...

She shouldn't smoke because...
Angel was such a nice boy that he had many friends.
Would you like to have a coffee?
You'd better not do that.
I wish I had gone shopping...
If I had known it was you, I would have opened the door.
Shannon suggested going for a walk.
She is having her car repaired next week.
Although I worked hard, I didn't feel tired.
If only you didn't say nasty things.
The tall man, who she was working with, is my father.... Continue reading "English Grammar and Idiomatic Expressions" »

Principle of Compound Microscope

A compound microscope operates on the principle that when a small object is positioned just beyond the objective lens's focal point, it produces a virtual, inverted, and highly magnified image. This final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision (25 cm) from the eye, which is positioned close to the eyepiece.

Construction of a Compound Microscope

A compound microscope is constructed with two convex lenses: an objective lens (O) with a small aperture and an eyepiece (E) with a larger aperture. The lens positioned closer to the object is termed the objective lens, while the lens closer to the observer's eye is called the eyepiece. Both the objective and eyepiece lenses have short focal lengths and... Continue reading "Compound Microscope: Principle, Construction, and Magnification" »

Understanding Customer Value

The core of modern marketing revolves around understanding and delivering value to customers. This section defines key concepts that underpin successful customer relationships.

What is a Value Proposition?

A value proposition is the set of benefits or values a company promises to deliver to customers to satisfy their needs.

Defining Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a core concept of modern marketing. It is the process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction. CRM deals with all aspects of acquiring, keeping, and growing customers.

Customer Perceived Value Explained

Customer perceived value is a customer’s... Continue reading "Mastering Customer Relationship Management & Value Creation" »

Who Discovered the Finite Speed of Light?

Ole Romer, a Danish astronomer, discovered that light is not instantaneous. He observed that the emergence of Io from behind Jupiter varied depending on the position of the two planets in the sun's orbit. This led him to realize that light takes time to travel from Jupiter to Earth, causing the observed differences in emergence time.

Understanding the Speed of Light

The speed of light is a fundamental constant, moving through space at a finite speed of 299,792,458 meters per second.

Exploring Light Years and Galaxies

A light year is both a measure of distance and time, representing the distance light travels in one year. Andromeda, a spiral galaxy, is nearly the same size as the Milky Way and is home to... Continue reading "Unveiling the Mysteries of Light and the Universe" »