Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Cellular Respiration

1. Definition and Chemical Equation

Cellular respiration is the chemical reaction in which glucose and oxygen are converted into water, carbon dioxide, and energy (ATP). The balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration is: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ --> 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP

2. Location of Respiration

Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of living cells.

3. Phases of Respiration and ATP Production

Cellular respiration occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and results in a net gain of two ATP molecules.

4. ATP and Energy Production

ATP provides energy to the cell when it is broken down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate,... Continue reading "Cellular Respiration and Cell Cycle: Key Concepts and Processes" »

Was/Were Going To

Affirmative Sentences

To form the affirmative, use the correct form of 'to be' followed by 'going to' and a verb.

Subject + was/were + going to + verb + rest of the sentence.

Example: They were going to dance at a party.

Negative Sentences

To form the negative, negate the verb 'to be'.

Subject + wasn't/weren't + going to + verb + rest of the sentence.

Example: They weren't going to dance at a party.

Interrogative Sentences

To form a question, invert the verb 'to be' and the subject.

Was/were + subject + going to + verb + rest of the sentence?

Example: Were they going to dance at a party?

Hope and Wish

The word 'wish' is often used to talk about unreal situations.

Example: I wish I had more money. (I don't have much money)

'Hope' is used in... Continue reading "English Grammar Guide: Was/Were Going To, Hope/Wish, Adjectives, and Relative Clauses" »

Perfect Yet/Already

Already se refiere a algo que ha pasado antes o más pronto de lo que se esperaba y es traducido como “ya” en español.

Yet es usado para algo que esperábamos que sucediera, pero todavía no ha pasado. Tendemos a usarlo en frases negativas e interrogativas. En frases negativas puede ser traducido como "aún" o "todavía" y en preguntas como "ya". En contraste con los otros adverbios de esta lección, "yet" va al final de la frase.

- I've already drunk three coffees this morning. Don't write to John, I've already done it.

- I’m really hungry. I haven’t eaten yet. (Tengo mucha hambre. Todavía no he comido.)

Present Perfect Progressive

- The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still... Continue reading "Perfect Yet/Already, Present Perfect Progressive, Used To, Indirect Question, Causative Have and Get" »

Financial Reporting & Transaction Analysis

This section presents accounting scenarios focusing on financial statement impact and transaction analysis for various companies.

Problem AP8-8A: Whiskey Industries & Holding Ltd.

Whiskey Industries Ltd. Financial Transactions

Whiskey Industries Ltd., a Nanaimo, British Columbia–based company, has a December 31 year-end. The company's comparative statement of financial position and its statement of income for the most recent fiscal year are presented here, along with some additional information:

• During the year, Whiskey Industries sold, for $500 cash, equipment that had an original cost of $1,000 and a net carrying amount of $200.
• Whiskey Industries borrowed an additional $8,000 by issuing notes

Core Graphic Design Concepts and Terminology

Vector Graphics and File Types

• Vector allows for resizing without loss in quality.
• Vector graphics are smaller in file size.

• PNG file type (Portable Network Graphics).
• SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics).

Digital Asset Sourcing

• He found the images online, but they were in the public domain.
• The team member created the images himself.

The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.

Typography and Text Handling

• Kerning: The spacing between specific pairs of characters.
• Leading: The distance between each line of text.

Font Classifications

• Script
• Decorative
• Serif
• Sans Serif

Text Overflow

Even though it's not visible, the excess text is still in the bounding area, and a small plus (+) symbol is displayed at the bottom of the... Continue reading "Essential Terminology for Graphic Design, Printing, and Web Projects" »

The Future of Physics

Science Fiction and Reality

Much of what we see in science fiction, such as time travel, warp drive, higher dimensions, portals through space and time, stargates, and wormholes, is actually within the realm of possibility according to the laws of physics.

Imagine meeting your grandparents in the year 1900, when they were simple farmers. Consider the powers of Greek gods: Zeus could control objects with his mind, materializing them at will. Venus possessed a perfect, ageless body. We are now beginning to understand the genetics of aging at the molecular level.

Apollo rode his chariot across the heavens. We will eventually have the flying cars we've always dreamed of. By the year 2100, we may have powers comparable to the gods.... Continue reading "The Power of Physics: From Aristotle to the Future" »

English to Spanish Vocabulary

A Comprehensive Guide

A

Ability - Skill: Habilidad - Destreza

According to: Según

Although: Aunque

Ancient: Antiguo

Aware, Conscious: Consciente, Sabedor

B

Barely - Nearly: Apenas

Beneficial - Positive: Beneficioso - Positivo

Board Games: Juegos de mesa

Boundaries - Limits, Frontier, Borders: Límites, Frontera

Brain: Cerebro

Burial: Entierro

C

Chains: Cadenas

Charm: Encanto

Close to - Next to, Near: Cerca de, Junto a

Concentrate on - Focus on: Concentrarse en, Enfocarse en

Council: Consejo

Countless - Many, Infinite: Incontables, Infinitos

Customs - Traditions: Costumbres - Tradiciones

D

Dairy Products: Productos lácteos

Damage: Daño, Perjuicio

Depressing - Sad, Miserable: Deprimente - Triste, Miserable

Discussion - Conversation: Discusión

Bit stuffing and destuffing are crucial techniques used in data link layer protocols to ensure reliable data transmission. They prevent sequences of data bits from being misinterpreted as control characters or flags, especially when the data itself contains patterns identical to these control sequences.

What is Bit Stuffing?

Bit stuffing is the process of adding one or more extra bits into a data stream to break up a sequence of identical bits that might otherwise be misinterpreted as a control signal. For example, in protocols like HDLC, a flag sequence (01111110) is used to mark the beginning and end of a frame. To prevent the actual data from containing this sequence, a '0' bit is stuffed after every five consecutive '1's in the data stream.... Continue reading "C Program for Bit Stuffing and Destuffing" »

Entry Modes:

Exporting: Common first step for many manufacturing firms. Later, firms may switch to another mode.

Advantages:

• Avoids the costs of establishing local manufacturing operations
• Learning

Turnkey projects: The contractor handles every detail of the project for a foreign client, including the training of operating personnel.

Advantages:

• A way of earning economic returns from the know-how required to assemble and run a technologically complex process
• Less risky compared to FDI

Disadvantages:

• No long-term interest in the foreign country
• If the firm's process technology is a source of competitive advantage, then selling this technology through a turnkey project is also selling competitive advantage to potential and/or actual competitors

Licensing:

21 JULY 1876 LAW

The text we have this time is a letter in which several articles from a legal law are kept. It deals with the matter of eliminating the Basque Fueros. It was written by the Spanish Courts and the king in force Alphonse XII in 1876, after the end of the 3^rd Carlist War.

In the 1^st Carlist War, Basque people supported Carlists in order to maintain the Fueros. As Carlists were defeated, some reforms were made in those Fueros. After the Glorious Revolution, in 1868, Isabella II (the Queen) was expelled from the throne and instead, Amadeo of Savoy. In that moment, a conflict started because some liberals appeared in favor of Carlism, not to lose the fueros. So again, as in the 1^st Carlist War, the conflict was between liberals and... Continue reading "The 1876 Law: Elimination of Basque Fueros" »