Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Paid, Owned, and Earned Media

Paid Media

Paid media involves paying for exposure and offers various options, such as website ads, radio commercials, and TV ads. It is the most common form of advertising used by brands. Examples include sponsored articles, banner ads, and press releases.

Consumers tend to be more skeptical of paid media due to its promotional nature.

Owned Media

Owned media refers to channels created and controlled by brands themselves. This includes social media profiles (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), corporate blogs, and websites.

Brands have complete control over the content and messaging on their owned media channels.

Earned Media

Earned media involves organic exposure and publicity generated through word-of-mouth, customer reviews,...

STAKEHOLDERS: groups or people who depend on an organization to achieve their own goals and on whom, in its turn, an organization depends. They can be affected by the goals, actions or behaviours of the firm. Types: Internal (shareholders, directors, managers, employees), External: clients, suppliers, financial institutions, competitors, government..). Some external stakeholders may try to influence the strategy through their relationship with internal stakeholders. POWER/INTEREST: Goals: describe and analyze the stakeholders that can affect firm's strategy, analyze the game of power, manage the power and behavior of stakeholders. Stages: describe stakeholders, asses the power of each stks and potential coalitions, describe the interest of...

Discrete Math Concepts

Binary Relations

Cartesian Product

The Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted A × B, is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a is in A and b is in B.

Example: If A = {0, 1}, the Cartesian product A × A is {(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1)}.

Properties of Binary Relations

A binary relation R on a set A can have several properties:

1. Reflexive: For all x ∈ A, (x, x) ∈ R.
2. Symmetric: For all x, y ∈ A, if (x, y) ∈ R, then (y, x) ∈ R.
3. Transitive: For all x, y, z ∈ A, if (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R, then (x, z) ∈ R.
4. Irreflexive: For all x ∈ A, (x, x) ∉ R.
5. Antisymmetric: For all x, y ∈ A, if (x, y) ∈ R and (y, x) ∈ R, then x = y.

Examples of Relation Properties

Consider a set A = {0, 1}.

• The relation R = A

Essential Phrases for Professional Communication

The Main Characters of The Phantom of the Opera

Erik: The Phantom of the Opera

Also known as the Angel of Music, Erik is a man who lives in a labyrinth underneath the Paris Opera House. His face was deformed since birth, and he always wears a mask. He is a brilliant architect and musician. He falls in love with Christine Daaé and fights bitterly for her affections. He “haunts” the opera house and demands that its operations be run a certain way.

Christine Daaé

Christine is a Swedish soprano at the Paris Opera House. She is the daughter of a renowned violin player who died when she was young. She worked in the ballet chorus before the Angel of Music (Erik) helped train her voice. She falls in love with both Erik and Raoul, Viscount of Chagny,...

Modal Verbs

1. Vera might... That must be... Italian can’t be that difficult if you can learn it so quickly! The teacher can’t... Jackie must... Wait! That might...

2.

• You must have heard about the accident. It was in all the newspapers.
• You must have gone to bed late. You look really tired.
• You can’t have seen this film before. It has only been in the cinema for a couple of...
• I might have left my notebook.
• The teacher can’t have gone yet because...
• I missed a call this morning. It might have been Simon.

3.

• If we’d arrived earlier, we would have gotten better seats.
• I wouldn’t have made so many mistakes if I had revised more.
• If they had been more careful, the disaster would never have happened.
• If I had known you were in town, I would have

Camera Work

Camera work involves various techniques to convey meaning and emotions. These include:

• High/Low Angles: Used to show dominance or inferiority.
• Point of View/Over the Shoulder Shots: Encourage audience identification with the character.
• Camera Movement: Suggests character's state, such as fast-paced or anxious.
• Two Shots: Emphasize the relationship between characters.
• Zoom: For emphasis.
• Close-Ups: Capture emotions and reactions.
• Long/Establishing Shots: Show setting and costumes.

Common camera shots include establishing shot, master shot, close-up, mid-shot, long shot, wide shot, two-shot, aerial shot, point of view shot, over the shoulder shot, high angle, low angle, canted angle.

Camera movements include pan, tilt, track, crane, Steadicam,...

Y=C+I+G

Y=Co +\- @(Y-To) + Io + Go and/or +Xn

Y=Co+\- 1/@ - @To+Io+Go and/or + Xn 

Y - 1/@ = Co - @To +Io + Go and/or + Xn

Y(1-@) = Co - @To + Io + Go and/or + Xn

Y=Co - @To + Io + Go and/or + Xn

                 1 - @

C= Co + 1/@*d --- taxes

  = Co + @ (y-Io) --- no taxes

yd= y- To

K = 1/1-mpc

k= 1/mps

DI= c+s

APC = C/DI

APS = S/DI

MPC = 1 / 1-@

MPS = 1 / @

Multiplier = 1 / 1-mpc or 1/mps

xn = x-m

Ca = C +/- mpc * tx

Sa = S +/- mps * tx

Aggregate Demand - Total value of real aggregate output that both sectors of the economy are willing to purchase at some AVG price.

AD = L(p)

Investment rates, future business expectations, Technology, Degree of excess capacity, Business Taxes

Aggreagate Supply- Total value of real Aggregate output that will be...

Understanding Crime: Key Definitions and Legal Terms

Crimes and Criminals

• To murder is to kill someone unlawfully and with premeditation.
• To mug is to attack and rob someone in a public place.
• To rob is to steal money or property from a person or a bank.
• To kidnap is to take somebody somewhere by force, often in order to get money for returning them (ransom).
• To steal is to take something that belongs to somebody else.
• To burgle is to get into a building and steal things.

People Involved in Crime

• A witness sees a crime.
• A culprit commits a crime.
• A victim suffers a crime.
• A suspect may be guilty of a crime.

Related Vocabulary

Paragraph A

• Groups of young people who spend time together and who are often involved in crime or drugs: gangs
• Someone whose job is

Masculinity and Femininity in Cultural Dimensions

Hofstede’s dimension of Masculinity versus Femininity focuses on the extent to which a society prioritizes achievement or nurture. Masculinity is defined by traits such as ambition, the acquisition of wealth, and differentiated gender roles. Conversely, femininity emphasizes caring, nurturing behaviors, equality, and fluid gender roles.

Core Characteristics of Masculine Societies

The masculine side of this dimension represents a societal preference for:

• Achievement and heroism
• Assertiveness and success
• Competitiveness
• Status and material success

In these cultures, "big and fast are beautiful." Performance is paramount, and status is often used to demonstrate success.

Core Characteristics of Feminine