Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Main Characters

1. Mary Lennox

Mary Lennox is a young, orphaned girl with blonde hair who is described as initially unpleasant. After her parents die of cholera in India, she is sent to live with her uncle, Mr. Craven, at Misselthwaite Manor in Yorkshire. Over time, her temper improves, and she becomes happier.

2. Martha

Martha is a kind servant at Misselthwaite Manor who befriends Mary. She is Dickon's sister and plays a significant role in helping Mary adjust to her new life.

3. Mr. Craven

Mr. Craven is Mary's uncle and Colin's father. He is a recluse who hates the locked garden because his wife died there. He has a crooked back and is often gloomy.

4. Mrs. Craven

Mrs. Craven is Mr. Craven's deceased wife who loved the garden. She taught Ben Weatherstaff...

Hello, my name is Carlos, and last summer, I went to Barcelona on a trip with my family. There are many places to visit. The most used means of transport is the subway. I went to the Sagrada Familia, visited my cousins, and watched the Barcelona vs. Madrid match. It was the best day of my life. The party was great with my family. After the game, I went to Valencia. It was a very nice experience. I want to go back to Barcelona.

1. Listen to the three speakers talking about Britain. Answer the questions with Hannah, Anna, or Roberta.

1. Doesn't like the food. 1H.

2. Likes eating food from many different countries. 2R.

3. Likes the atmosphere at work. 3A.

4. Likes the parks. 4H.

5. Thinks the traffic is terrible. 5A.

6. Thinks that people are nice to...

International Isolation of Francoist Spain

After World War II, Spain was sidelined internationally. The victorious countries regarded the Franco regime as a vestige of the fascism they had fought against. The major powers—the U.S., USSR, and Britain—agreed that Spain would not be admitted into the newly established United Nations (UN) due to its past links with Nazi Germany and Mussolini's Italy.

In 1946, the UN General Assembly adopted several resolutions condemning the Franco government, considering it a threat to world peace and recommending that UN member countries break diplomatic relations with Spain. The French Pyrenees border was completely closed until 1948. Spain was excluded from the Marshall Plan, and only five ambassadors remained...

COMPUTERISED ENGLISH: A)1.Most people are aware of the effec that computers have had on the English language. TRUE: Lines 2-3. 2.The Word Internet once had a different meaning before computers. FALSE: Lines 5-6. 3.On-line conversations have got an informal writing style. TRUE: Lines 8-9-10. C)In the past, the Word conversation referred to situations where people spoke face-toface or on the phone. D)Large-vast. Extra-additional. In person-face to face. Oppose-object.

OPINION ABOUT THE EFFECT THE COMPUTER HAS HAD  ON YOUR LIFE: Several years ago, the computer is causing many problems because people use it a lot and this causes several problems. In my opinion, I agree with that. //First, the computer is causing serious problems for people by misuse...

Concentration Changes During Assessment

During an assessment, there must be an abrupt change in some property of the reaction mixture at the equivalence point. The property that changes depends on the volumetric reaction:

• Acid-base: An acid is titrated with a base, or vice versa. The abrupt change is due to a slight excess of one reactant, producing a sudden change in pH.
• Redox: An oxidant is titrated with a reducing agent, or vice versa. The abrupt change is due to a slight excess of one reactant, leading to a sudden change in the cell potential formed by two electrodes.
• Precipitation: An ionic substance is titrated with a precipitating reagent. The abrupt change is due to an excess of the precipitating reagent, which causes a sharp decrease in

Isotopes and Atomic Structure

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element can have different masses but identical chemical properties. These are called isotopes.

The Neutron

Arranging elements by increasing atomic number resolves anomalies in the periodic table that arise when ordering by atomic mass. Isotopic masses, determined by mass spectrometry, are inconsistent with the mass of protons in the atomic number. Therefore, atomic mass must be explained by other factors.

Atomic Number (Z)

This number indicates the number of protons in the nucleus and defines the element. It is represented by the letter Z.

Mass Number (A)

This number indicates the total number of protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus and defines the isotope of an element. It is represented...

Essential English Vocabulary and Phrases

Common Phrasal Verbs

• Stay on: To continue in a place, position, or situation.
• Save up: To accumulate money for future use.
• Look up: To search for something on the internet or in a book.
• Look up to: To admire someone or something.

Money and Education

• Earning money: Getting money for work that you do.
• Allowance: An amount of money given regularly.
• Changed my mind: Had a change of opinion.
• Encourage: To inspire or motivate.
• Skip: To avoid going to; to miss.
• Immediately: Straight away.
• Career: A chosen pursuit; a profession or occupation.
• Degree: An academic title conferred by universities and colleges upon completion of studies, or as an honorary recognition of achievement.
• A-level: Exams which students in England and

Photosynthesis: Key Reactions and Processes

Oxygen Release in Photosynthesis: Oxygen is released during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, specifically when water molecules are split (photolysis).

Organelles Involved: The organelles represented are the mitochondria and chloroplast. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast, and cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

Oxygen as a Waste Product: Oxygen (O2) is produced as a byproduct during photosynthesis and is consumed during cellular respiration.

Anabolic and Catabolic Processes: Photosynthesis is an anabolic process (building complex molecules), while cellular respiration is a catabolic process (breaking down complex molecules).

Photosystems: Structure and Location

Photosystems...

The First Cells: Cell Evolution

All organisms that currently inhabit the Earth are related because they come from ancestral cells that emerged more than 3,800 million years ago as a result of a slow evolutionary process of organic molecules accumulated in the primeval oceans. It is believed that the decisive moment in the origin of cells was the appearance of a biological membrane.

• The membrane separated the external environment from the internal environment, which favored the existence of a rudimentary metabolism that enabled the ancestral cells to get energy (via nutrition) and use it to reproduce and respond to environmental changes.

Because they originated in a sea of organic molecules, the first cells were probably anaerobic fermentative

Chemical Bonding and Intermolecular Forces

Polarity

When two atoms with different electronegativities bond, the electrons in the bond are drawn closer to the more electronegative atom. This creates a negative charge density around that atom, which in turn causes the other atom to exhibit a positive charge density. This forms a dipole, and the bond is called polar or heteropolar.

Metallic Bonding

Various theories explain metallic bonding. The most consistent and widely accepted theory suggests that metallic bonding results from the strong attraction between a delocalized "sea" of electrons and the positively charged nuclei of the metal atoms. This explains the characteristic properties of metals, such as hardness, toughness, and malleability.

Hydrogen